Cancer Immunotherapy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the branch of medicine that addresses cancer patients and studies their tumors?

Oncology

Which type of tumor is encapsulated, localized, and limited in size?

Benign Tumors

Which type of cancer is derived from connective tissue such as bone, fat, and muscle?

Sarcomas

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas, which are cancers of epithelial cells?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

Which group of genes is involved in malignant transformation and includes growth factors, receptors, and enzymes?

Proto-oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genes encode proteins that prevent the proliferation of mutant cells?

Tumor suppressor genes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer involves plasma cells in the bone marrow?

Myelomas Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the tissue in which cells are multiplying abnormally?

Tumor (neoplasm) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumors continually increase in size, break through basal laminae, and can invade adjacent tissues?

Malignant Tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the diseases caused by malignant tumors?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancers involve circulating cells?

Leukemias Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is derived from blood cells?

Leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in cancer eradication?

NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the first therapeutic cancer vaccine approved?

Provenge Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy?

To block inhibitory pathways Signup and view all the answers

What are the hallmarks of cancer according to the text?

Mutations, tumor antigens, and immunosurveillance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immunosurveillance in cancer?

To control and inhibit cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in CAR T cell therapy?

Toxicities and cytokine release syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What are mutagens and carcinogens known to do?

Damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer immunotherapy?

Plays a crucial role Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antigen-loaded dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy?

To enhance the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mutant p53 in human cancers?

It requires at least 5-6 independent mutations to become cancerous Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between CAR T cells and TCR mentioned in the text?

CAR T cells have a much stronger affinity than TCR Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) in cancer immunotherapy?

To enhance the immune response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cancer Immunotherapy: Key Concepts and Approaches

Over 50% of human cancers involve mutant p53, which requires at least 5-6 independent mutations to become cancerous.
Cancer can be facilitated by exposure to chemicals, radiation, and viruses, which are mutagens and carcinogens that damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer.
Hallmarks of cancer include mutations, tumor antigens, and immunosurveillance, which are mechanisms to control and inhibit cancer.
Immunosurveillance involves three phases: elimination of transformed cells, equilibrium between destruction and survival of cancer cells, and escape leading to rapid growth due to further mutations.
Cells involved in cancer eradication include NK cells, NKT cells, macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), B cells, and cytokines.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy.
Monoclonal antibodies such as Opdivo, Keytruda, Yervoy, and Tecentriq are used in cancer immunotherapy to block inhibitory pathways.
Antigen-loaded dendritic cells, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are also used in cancer immunotherapy to enhance the immune response.
Provenge is the first therapeutic cancer vaccine approved, showing a median 4-month increase in life expectancy for prostate cancer.
CAR T cells have a much stronger affinity than TCR, and they are protected from becoming anergic.
Challenges in CAR T cell therapy include toxicities and cytokine release syndrome.
Emerging techniques in CAR T cell therapy include focused ultrasound immunotherapy, which targets diseased tissue while sparing healthy tissue.