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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Class I MHC molecules in the context of tumor cells?
What is the primary function of Class I MHC molecules in the context of tumor cells?
What is the mechanism of action of Sipuleucel-T in cancer treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of Sipuleucel-T in cancer treatment?
Which of the following therapies involves genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses?
Which of the following therapies involves genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses?
How do dendritic cell-based vaccinations function in cancer immunotherapy?
How do dendritic cell-based vaccinations function in cancer immunotherapy?
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What is a characteristic of cancer immunotherapy compared to traditional treatments?
What is a characteristic of cancer immunotherapy compared to traditional treatments?
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Which of the following therapies uses the patient’s dendritic cells to enhance the immune response?
Which of the following therapies uses the patient’s dendritic cells to enhance the immune response?
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What role does GM-CSF play in oncolytic viral therapy?
What role does GM-CSF play in oncolytic viral therapy?
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Which immunotherapy treatment specifically targets advanced prostate cancer?
Which immunotherapy treatment specifically targets advanced prostate cancer?
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Which of the following best describes the function of PD-1 in immune response?
Which of the following best describes the function of PD-1 in immune response?
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What is the primary mechanism by which immune checkpoint inhibitors work?
What is the primary mechanism by which immune checkpoint inhibitors work?
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Which of the following monoclonal antibodies targets PD-1?
Which of the following monoclonal antibodies targets PD-1?
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Anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies can perform which of the following functions?
Anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies can perform which of the following functions?
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What type of monoclonal antibody is Ipilimumab?
What type of monoclonal antibody is Ipilimumab?
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Which mechanism is not associated with anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies?
Which mechanism is not associated with anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies?
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What is the primary mechanism of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) therapy?
What is the primary mechanism of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) therapy?
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In the context of CAR-T cell therapy, what does CAR stand for?
In the context of CAR-T cell therapy, what does CAR stand for?
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Which of the following is a clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors?
Which of the following is a clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors?
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Which of the following components is NOT associated with CAR-T cell therapy?
Which of the following components is NOT associated with CAR-T cell therapy?
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What type of cancer was the first FDA-approved CAR-T cell therapy, KymriahTM, approved to treat?
What type of cancer was the first FDA-approved CAR-T cell therapy, KymriahTM, approved to treat?
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What is a key characteristic of genetically-engineered T cells in immunotherapy?
What is a key characteristic of genetically-engineered T cells in immunotherapy?
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What is the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in adoptive T cell therapy?
What is the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in adoptive T cell therapy?
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Imlygic (T-VEC) is approved for treating which type of condition?
Imlygic (T-VEC) is approved for treating which type of condition?
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What distinguishes genetically-engineered T cells from TILs in therapy?
What distinguishes genetically-engineered T cells from TILs in therapy?
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Which of the following is true regarding the FDA approval of Imlygic?
Which of the following is true regarding the FDA approval of Imlygic?
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Study Notes
Reduced Expression of Class I MHC Molecules
- Tumor cells can reduce Class I MHC expression to avoid T cell recognition.
Cancer Immunotherapy
- Cancer treatment options include surgery, radiation, and anti-neoplastic agents.
- Cancer immunotherapy aims to stimulate the body's immune response against cancer cells.
- Cancer immunotherapy includes:
- Therapeutic cancer vaccines
- Oncolytic immunotherapy
- Adoptive T cell therapy
- Antibody-based therapies
- Cytokines
- Non-specific therapies (e.g., BCG vaccine)
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
- Dendritic cell-based vaccination uses patient's dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens.
- Antigen-pulsed DCs activate tumor-specific T cells.
- Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®) is an FDA-approved vaccine for advanced prostate cancer.
- Provenge uses patient's DCs incubated with a fusion protein containing GM-CSF and the tumor-associated antigen PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase).
Oncolytic Viral (OV) Therapy
- Genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses replicate only in cancer cells and produce GM-CSF.
- Infected cancer cells lyse, releasing tumor antigens and GM-CSF to stimulate dendritic cells.
- Activated DCs promote an anti-tumor immune response by activating T cells.
- Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec or T-VEC), a modified herpesvirus, is the first FDA-approved OV therapy for melanoma.
Adoptive T Cell Therapy
- Transfer of tumor-specific T cells:
- TIL therapy: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are isolated from the tumor, cultured with IL-2, and infused back into the patient.
- Genetically-engineered T cells: T cells are isolated from the blood, genetically modified with a tumor-specific TCR or CAR, cultured with IL-2, and infused back into the patient.
Clinical Application: CAR-T Cell Therapy
- KymriahTM (tisagenlecleucel) was the first FDA-approved CAR-T cell therapy for certain B cell leukemias.
- PD-1 binds PD-L1/L2 on various cells, inhibiting effector T cell function.
Antibody-Based Therapies
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors:
- Block inhibitory receptors/ligands, stimulating antitumor responses by enhancing T cell activation.
- Enhance the patient's own immune response to tumors.
- Examples:
- Anti-CTLA4 mAbs: Ipilimumab (Yervoy®)
- Anti-PD-1 mAbs: Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), Nivolumab (Opdivo)
- Anti-PD-L1 mAbs: Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®)
- Anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies:
- Induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
- Activate complement.
- Block growth or activation signals.
- Deliver radiation, toxins, or chemotherapy drugs to tumor cells (immunoconjugates).
- Many monoclonal antibodies have been developed for treating various cancers.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on the mechanisms of reduced Class I MHC expression in tumor cells and various immunotherapeutic approaches. Learn about therapeutic cancer vaccines, oncolytic viral therapy, and the role of the immune system in combating cancer. Test your knowledge on the latest advancements in cancer treatment!
