Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of Phase 2 detoxification enzymes in relation to xenobiotics?
What is the role of Phase 2 detoxification enzymes in relation to xenobiotics?
Which of the following factors is NOT related to obesity and cancer risk?
Which of the following factors is NOT related to obesity and cancer risk?
Which type of cancer is NOT commonly associated with alcohol consumption?
Which type of cancer is NOT commonly associated with alcohol consumption?
Which dietary component pathways significantly affect the risk of developing cancer?
Which dietary component pathways significantly affect the risk of developing cancer?
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What aspect of physical activity contributes to reducing cancer risk?
What aspect of physical activity contributes to reducing cancer risk?
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What type of cancer is associated with a decrease due to changes in lifestyle factors or controlling Helicobacter pylori infection?
What type of cancer is associated with a decrease due to changes in lifestyle factors or controlling Helicobacter pylori infection?
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Which type of pollution is usually worse than outdoor pollution?
Which type of pollution is usually worse than outdoor pollution?
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Which of the following is recognized as a carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke?
Which of the following is recognized as a carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke?
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What is a primary source of particulate matter pollution?
What is a primary source of particulate matter pollution?
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Which of the following agents is associated with mesothelioma and lung cancer as occupational hazards?
Which of the following agents is associated with mesothelioma and lung cancer as occupational hazards?
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What effect does ionizing radiation primarily have on cells?
What effect does ionizing radiation primarily have on cells?
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What type of cancers are primarily associated with ultraviolet radiation?
What type of cancers are primarily associated with ultraviolet radiation?
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Which of the following represents a nontargeted effect of radiation exposure?
Which of the following represents a nontargeted effect of radiation exposure?
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How long is the typical latent period for radiation-induced cancer?
How long is the typical latent period for radiation-induced cancer?
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What is a common transmission method for human papillomavirus (HPV)?
What is a common transmission method for human papillomavirus (HPV)?
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Which organ is most directly linked to high rates of cancer from Helicobacter pylori infections?
Which organ is most directly linked to high rates of cancer from Helicobacter pylori infections?
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Which type of radiation is categorized as nonionizing?
Which type of radiation is categorized as nonionizing?
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Which form of cancer is NOT caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Which form of cancer is NOT caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)?
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Which factor is identified as the leading cause of cancer death in Canada?
Which factor is identified as the leading cause of cancer death in Canada?
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What term describes the degree to which an organism's development is influenced by its environment?
What term describes the degree to which an organism's development is influenced by its environment?
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Which of the following lifestyle factors is linked to multiple types of cancer including lung and uterine cancer?
Which of the following lifestyle factors is linked to multiple types of cancer including lung and uterine cancer?
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Which of the following cancers is predicted to have the highest incidence rate among new cases in Canada?
Which of the following cancers is predicted to have the highest incidence rate among new cases in Canada?
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What role do nutrigenomics play in relation to cancer?
What role do nutrigenomics play in relation to cancer?
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Which of the following has shown evidence linking in utero conditions to cancer risk?
Which of the following has shown evidence linking in utero conditions to cancer risk?
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Which environmental-lifestyle factor is a potential carcinogen associated with cooking methods?
Which environmental-lifestyle factor is a potential carcinogen associated with cooking methods?
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What is a characteristic of secondhand smoke in relation to cancer risk?
What is a characteristic of secondhand smoke in relation to cancer risk?
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Study Notes
Cancer Epidemiology
- Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
- Approximately 2 in 5 Canadians will develop cancer in their lifetime.
- The most common new cancer cases are predicted to be lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate.
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue
- Environmental and lifestyle factors, along with genetic factors, cause cancer.
- Cancer patterns are primarily driven by environmental factors, not genetics.
- Genetic alterations and abnormalities are the primary drivers of cancer at the cellular level.
- Cancer-related factors are influenced by the overall external environment.
Incidence Trends
- Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
- Approximately 2 in 5 Canadians will develop cancer during their lifetime.
- The most common new cancer cases are expected to be lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate.
Mortality Trends
- Overall cancer-related death rates in Canada are decreasing.
- Approximately 1 in 4 Canadians die from cancer.
- In Canada, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death.
- Lung cancer death rates have declined significantly, particularly among men, over the past 25 years.
In Utero and Early Life Conditions
- Developmental plasticity, the degree to which an organism's development is influenced by the environment, plays a crucial role.
- Epigenetic factors like histone modification and micro-RNAs are significantly impacted by in-utero and early developmental environments.
- Studies, like the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort, and Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, underscore the influence of early life environments on future phenotypes.
Environmental-Lifestyle Factors
- Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of death in Canada.
- Cigarette smoke is a potent mixture of carcinogens.
- Tobacco use is linked to various cancers, including those of the lung, upper aerodigestive tract, lower urinary tract, kidney, pancreas, cervix, and uterus, as well as myeloid leukemia.
- Passive smoke (ETS) contains harmful chemicals..
- Cigar and pipe smoking are as harmful as cigarette smoking.
Environmental-Lifestyle Factors (Cont.)
- Cooking methods involving fat, meat, or protein can produce carcinogenic substances.
- Naturally occurring carcinogens found in alkaloids or mold byproducts are associated with cancer.
- Nutrigenomics studies explore the effects of nutrition on an individual's phenotype.
- Variability in nutritional responses among individuals are linked to genomic differences.
Nutrition and Cancer
- Nutrition significantly influences several cellular processes.
- Nutritional factors can directly regulate gene activity, either activating genes that should be silent or silencing those that should be active.
- Nutrients can modulate hormonal axes, impacting cell proliferation, and influencing the expression of key genes associated with cancer.
Nutrition and Cancer (Cont.)
- Xenobiotics, toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals found in food, can be counteracted by two primary defence mechanisms.
- Phase 1 activation is one primary defence mechanism.
- Phase 2 detoxification enzymes comprise the other primary method of countering xenotoxins.
Nutrition and Cancer (Cont.)
- Dietary components can be either activated into carcinogens or can prevent cancer.
- Pathways influenced by diet include cell cycle control, differentiation, DNA repair, gene silencing, inflammation, apoptosis, and carcinogen metabolism.
Nutrition and Cancer (Cont.)
- Lifestyle and occupational exposures can alter epigenetic marks which are associated with the susceptibility to cancer.
- Epigenetic modifications and causes such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation are linked to various factors like oxidative stress, DNA and protein damage, environmental elements, aging, and diet.
- These all have a correlation with cancer susceptibility.
Obesity
- Obesity correlates with Body Mass Index (BMI).
- Obesity is related to three significant factors linked to cancer: the insulin-IGF-1 axis, sex hormones, and adipokines (adipocyte-derived cytokines).
- The exact mechanisms linking obesity to cancer risk remain unclear.
Alcohol Consumption
- Alcohol is a risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, and breast.
- Multiple genetic factors play a role in the development of alcohol-related cancers.
- No safe limit of alcohol intake has been identified.
Alcohol Consumption (Cont.)
- Interactions between alcohol metabolism and epigenetics are significant.
- Alcohol is broken down through pathways involving alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase which lead to acetaldehyde and acetate and then metabolized.
- Some alcohol-related pathways result in epigenetic modifications such as deacetylation and methylation.
Physical Activity
- Physical activity reduces the risk of cancer, including breast and colon cancer, and potentially other types.
- Physical activity reduces insulin and insulin-like growth factors and reduces obesity.
- Physical activity results in decreased inflammatory mediators and free radicals, and increased gut motility.
Ionizing Radiation
- Ionizing radiation, released by X-rays, radioisotopes, radon, and other radioactive sources, is associated with cell death, gene mutations, and chromosomal aberrations.
- Radiation-induced mutations in germ cells can be inherited.
- The increased use of diagnostic and other radiation technologies is raising concerns.
Radiation-Induced Cancer
- Radiation can cause targeted effects such as chromosome aberrations, cell transformation, gene expression changes, somatic cell mutagenesis, and effects on the nonirradiated microenvironment.
- Radiation can have indirect effects (nontargeted), including bystander effects and genomic instability.
Radiation-Induced Cancer (Cont.)
- Acute, latent, and microenvironment effects can occur following radiation exposure.
- Those with highly proliferative organs are more often targeted by acute radiation exposure.
- Exposure can alter cellular and tissue signaling.
- Microenvironmental changes can associate with latent periods, often lasting 5-10 years post-exposure.
Ultraviolet Radiation
- Ultraviolet radiation is associated with an increase in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
- Sunlight is a major source of UV radiation.
- UVA and UVB rays are involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- Exposure also induces skin inflammation and the release of free radicals.
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
- Non-ionizing, low-frequency radiation, such as microwaves, radar, cellphones, power frequency radiation, and various electrical appliances, can contribute to cancer development, however studies result vary on if it actually causes cancer.
Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior
- Infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), can lead to cancer.
- HPV is associated with many types of cancer.
- Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are major risk factors for liver cancer.
- There is a strong link between infection and several reproductive cancers.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- HPV is prevalent among sexually active individuals.
- HPV transmission occurs through various types of sexual contact.
- Several HPV strains exist, some of low-risk and others high risk.
- High-risk types can contribute to cancers such as cervical, penile, vulvar, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.
Air Pollution
- Particulate matter, comprised of acids, organic chemicals, metals, and dust particles, is carcinogenic and strongly linked to lung cancer.
- Primary particles are directly emitted from sources like construction sites and smokestacks. Also, secondary particles from various sources like power plants, industries, and automobiles can contribute to carcinogenic exposure.
Air Pollution (Cont.)
- Indoor pollution is often considered worse than outdoor pollution and is frequently associated with increased risks of cancer.
- Passive smoking is a primary cause of indoor pollution, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen free radicals leading to DNA damage.
- Other sources of indoor pollution include radon gas, heating sources, cooking sources, asbestos, and inorganic arsenic.
Chemical and Occupational Hazards
- Chemicals are found in air, soil, water, household products, toys, workplaces, and homes, contributing to cancer risk.
- Certain occupational hazards carry a notable risk of cancer, particularly lung and bladder cancers.
- Exposure to agents such as asbestos (mesothelioma and lung cancer), dyes, rubber, paints, explosives, rubber cement, heavy metals, and air pollution is notable.
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Description
Explore the major factors affecting cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. This quiz dives into the impact of genetics and environmental factors on cancer trends, specifically within Canada. Understand the common types of cancer and their evolving incidence and mortality rates.
