Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology
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Questions and Answers

What type of mutations are mainly responsible for cancer?

  • Somatic mutations (correct)
  • Viral mutations
  • Environmental mutations
  • Inherited mutations

All mutations that cause cancer are heritable.

False (B)

Name one chemical that is known to induce DNA mutations in the context of lung cancer.

Benzo(a)pyrene

The classic mechanism of lung carcinogenesis involves mutations caused by __________ found in tobacco.

<p>carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Spontaneous mutations = Mutations occurring during cell division Chemical inducers = Substances like tobacco smoke that cause mutations Physical inducers = Radiation like UV light and x-rays that can cause mutations Tobacco smoke = A mixture of chemicals that induce lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial perception of women smoking in public?

<p>Taboo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women began smoking publicly as a symbol of their independence during the feminist suffrage movement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major health issue in females increased significantly due to smoking?

<p>Lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tobacco CEOs claimed that __________ is not addictive.

<p>nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of advertising did tobacco companies use to appeal to young children?

<p>Cartoon ads and candy cigarettes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tobacco-related actions with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Targeting young kids = Advertising with cartoons FDA rules (2010) = Banned tobacco sponsorships E-cigarettes = Promoted with flavored options Marketing to females = Smokers asserting independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FDA regulations allowed tobacco products to be sold in vending machines accessible to minors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the claims made by tobacco companies to promote their products?

<p>Smoking is sexy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lung cancer cases is attributed to smoking?

<p>80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lung cancer has a higher 5-year survival rate compared to breast cancer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people in the US die each year due to smoking-related diseases?

<p>450,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leading cause of cancer deaths in the US is __________.

<p>lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with their significant events related to tobacco and smoking:

<p>1992 = Tobacco smoke classified as a cancer-causing agent by US EPA 2000 = Introduction of Gleevec drug for cancer treatment 2001 = Percentage of Canadian youths who were smokers 1940s = Tobacco companies targeted women using psychological strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the highest number of lung cancer deaths annually?

<p>Smokers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Second-hand smoke is responsible for around 70,000 deaths in the US each year.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one long-term lung disease caused by smoking.

<p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The five-year survival rate for lung cancer is around __________.

<p>17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the cigarette companies have during the first world war?

<p>They gave soldiers cigarettes for free. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cancer: Genetic disease

Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) in genes that control cell growth and division. These changes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, forming tumors.

Types of Cancer Mutations

Most cancer-causing mutations are somatic mutations, meaning they occur in body cells and are not inherited. However, some mutations are inherited, increasing the risk of developing cancer.

Causes of Mutations

Mutations can arise spontaneously due to errors during DNA replication. They can also be induced by environmental factors like chemicals, radiation, and certain lifestyle choices.

How Tobacco Causes Lung Cancer

Carcinogens in tobacco smoke can damage DNA. One carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, reacts with guanine (G) in DNA, causing it to be mismatched with adenine (A) during replication. This leads to a G-to-T mutation, commonly found in lung cancer.

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Epidemiology of Cancer

Cancer is a complex disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Our lifestyle choices, such as smoking, diet, and exposure to certain substances, can significantly impact our risk of developing cancer.

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Leading Cancer Killer

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and Canada.

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Tobacco Smoke's Danger

The US Environmental Protection Agency categorized tobacco smoke as the most perilous human carcinogen.

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Lung Cancer Prevention

Lung cancer is largely preventable as smoking is the primary cause of most cases.

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Second-hand Smoke's Impact

Second-hand smoke is responsible for approximately 70,000 deaths annually in the US.

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Smoking and Pregnancy

Smoking during pregnancy exposes three generations (mother, fetus, and future generations) to harmful substances.

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Aggressive Nature of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is highly aggressive, leading to a low 5-year survival rate of around 17%.

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Tobacco Industry's Role

The tobacco industry actively promoted smoking, especially during World War I, by providing cigarettes to soldiers.

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Women and Smoking

Tobacco companies used psychological tactics in the 1940s to encourage women to smoke.

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Copd: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A long-term lung disease caused by smoking, resulting in damaged alveoli and emphysema.

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Smoking's Cost: US & Canada

Smoking causes a significant number of deaths, over 480,000 in the US annually, and the equivalent of a small city in Canada.

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Implicatory Denial

Ignoring or denying scientific evidence to avoid facing uncomfortable implications, especially when it threatens profits or beliefs.

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Tobacco Companies & Implicatory Denial

Tobacco companies have used implicatory denial by downplaying the harmful effects of smoking, promoting false health claims, and targeting vulnerable groups like children.

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Targeting Children

Tobacco companies have employed strategies to attract young smokers, such as using cartoon characters, colorful packaging, and affordable prices.

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FDA Regulations on Tobacco

The FDA implemented regulations to restrict tobacco advertising, sponsorship, and accessibility to minors, aiming to reduce smoking rates.

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E-Cigarettes & Vaping

E-cigarettes, promoted as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, still contain harmful chemicals and are increasingly popular among young people.

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Tobacco Industry Advertising Costs

Tobacco companies spend billions of dollars annually on advertising, with a significant portion reimbursed by tax returns, creating a cycle of profit and promotion.

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Study Notes

Cancer: A Genetic Disease

  • Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes.
  • Primarily, these mutations are somatic (non-heritable).

Origin of Mutations

  • Mutations can occur spontaneously during cell division.
  • They can also be chemically induced (e.g., by smoking).
  • Or physically induced (e.g., by exposure to UV light, X-rays, or gamma rays).

Epidemiology of Cancer

  • Cancer development involves the accumulation of mutated genes.
  • Environmental factors (physical and chemical) can induce these gene mutations.
  • Lifestyle factors (diet, smoking, etc.) can also influence cancer risk

Tobacco and Lung Cancer

  • Tobacco smoke contains approximately 60 known components that harm the body.
  • Benzo(a)pyrene, a component in cigarette smoke, is a carcinogen.
  • In cells, benzo(a)pyrene converts to an epoxide that damages DNA.
  • This damage specifically causes G-to-T mutations.
  • This type of mutation is more common in oncogenes found in lung and oral tissues, due to direct exposure.
  • Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.
  • It's particularly aggressive, with a lower 5-year survival rate compared to other cancers.
  • Smoking's impacts extend beyond lung cancer to other diseases.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • COPD is a long-term lung disease frequently caused by smoking.
  • Damage to alveoli (air sacs) is a key characteristic of COPD.
  • Smoking is a leading cause of COPD-related deaths worldwide.

General Impacts of Tobacco

  • Smoking is a major preventable cause of lung cancer.
  • Globally, it accounts for a significant portion of cancer deaths (upwards of 30%).
  • Tobacco is a highly dangerous cancer-causing agent, causing lung cancer and other conditions.
  • Cancer is preventable in most cases.

Secondhand Smoking

  • Secondhand smoke exposure also causes significant health problems.
  • Secondhand smoking contributes to lung cancer both in adults and children and even in animals.

Tobacco Use and Prevention Efforts

  • Despite the health risks, tobacco use remains prevalent in many parts of the world.
  • The tobacco industry has engaged in various tactics for promoting and selling products.
  • Government regulations and campaigns aim to counter these tactics, but are ongoing.

Historical Perspectives on Smoking

  • Strategies to convince women to smoke have involved psychological manipulations.
  • Tobacco companies have also used implicit denial techniques — creating doubt about established scientific facts.
  • Public health strategies have been used to address the tobacco crisis.

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Description

This quiz explores cancer as a genetic disease characterized by gene mutations, both somatic and induced. It delves into the origins of these mutations, their epidemiology, and the roles of environmental and lifestyle factors, especially tobacco's impact on lung cancer. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to cancer development.

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