Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which mechanism of cancer spread involves tumor cells eroding into blood vessels or lymphatic vessels?
Which mechanism of cancer spread involves tumor cells eroding into blood vessels or lymphatic vessels?
- Initiation
- Seeding
- Invasion
- Metastasis (correct)
In the TNM staging system, what does 'N' refer to?
In the TNM staging system, what does 'N' refer to?
- Size of the primary tumor
- Nature of the tumor
- Spread of the tumor
- Extent of involvement of regional lymph nodes (correct)
During which stage of carcinogenesis do irreversible DNA changes first occur due to procarcinogens?
During which stage of carcinogenesis do irreversible DNA changes first occur due to procarcinogens?
- Progression
- Metastasis
- Promotion
- Initiation (correct)
What is the primary characteristic of Stage I tumors?
What is the primary characteristic of Stage I tumors?
A patient is diagnosed with ovarian cancer and the malignant cells have spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. Which mechanism of cancer spread is most likely?
A patient is diagnosed with ovarian cancer and the malignant cells have spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. Which mechanism of cancer spread is most likely?
A tumor is classified as T3, N2, M0. What does this indicate about the tumor?
A tumor is classified as T3, N2, M0. What does this indicate about the tumor?
Which of the following cellular changes occurs during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?
Which of the following cellular changes occurs during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?
What role do cancer suppressor genes typically play in the body?
What role do cancer suppressor genes typically play in the body?
Which of the following mechanisms directly contributes to pain experienced by individuals with tumors?
Which of the following mechanisms directly contributes to pain experienced by individuals with tumors?
How does tumor obstruction typically manifest when a tumor compresses or grows within the digestive tract?
How does tumor obstruction typically manifest when a tumor compresses or grows within the digestive tract?
Why are individuals with tumors more susceptible to infections?
Why are individuals with tumors more susceptible to infections?
Which of the following factors contributes to the development of anemia in cancer patients?
Which of the following factors contributes to the development of anemia in cancer patients?
How do paraneoplastic syndromes relate to malignant tumors?
How do paraneoplastic syndromes relate to malignant tumors?
Why are routine screenings and self-examinations considered crucial for cancer detection?
Why are routine screenings and self-examinations considered crucial for cancer detection?
While tumor markers like CEA and PSA can be useful, what is a key limitation in their use for cancer diagnosis?
While tumor markers like CEA and PSA can be useful, what is a key limitation in their use for cancer diagnosis?
What is the primary purpose of using radioisotopes in imaging tests for cancer diagnosis?
What is the primary purpose of using radioisotopes in imaging tests for cancer diagnosis?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how the immune system protects against cancer?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how the immune system protects against cancer?
A patient with HIV/AIDS is at a higher risk for developing certain cancers due to:
A patient with HIV/AIDS is at a higher risk for developing certain cancers due to:
Which treatment approach is MOST appropriate for hematopoietic cancers like leukemia?
Which treatment approach is MOST appropriate for hematopoietic cancers like leukemia?
Which characteristic primarily distinguishes a malignant tumor from a benign tumor?
Which characteristic primarily distinguishes a malignant tumor from a benign tumor?
In cancer treatment, what distinguishes palliative care from curative care?
In cancer treatment, what distinguishes palliative care from curative care?
What is the general criterion to define a 'cure' for cancer?
What is the general criterion to define a 'cure' for cancer?
A patient presents with a persistent cough, unexplained weight loss, and anemia. According to the general warning signs of cancer, which diagnostic avenue should be initially prioritized?
A patient presents with a persistent cough, unexplained weight loss, and anemia. According to the general warning signs of cancer, which diagnostic avenue should be initially prioritized?
Which characteristic is MOST typical of basal cell carcinoma?
Which characteristic is MOST typical of basal cell carcinoma?
If a tumor originates from epithelial tissue and is determined to be malignant, how would it be classified based on standard tumor nomenclature?
If a tumor originates from epithelial tissue and is determined to be malignant, how would it be classified based on standard tumor nomenclature?
Which of the following best describes the fundamental difference between neoplasms and normal tissue growth?
Which of the following best describes the fundamental difference between neoplasms and normal tissue growth?
Why do fair-skinned individuals in southern climates have a higher risk of developing skin cancer?
Why do fair-skinned individuals in southern climates have a higher risk of developing skin cancer?
Which factor is MOST significant in preventing skin cancer?
Which factor is MOST significant in preventing skin cancer?
A tumor is identified as 'chondroma'. Based on the nomenclature, what is the likely tissue of origin and nature of this tumor?
A tumor is identified as 'chondroma'. Based on the nomenclature, what is the likely tissue of origin and nature of this tumor?
Why might a benign tumor in the brain be considered life-threatening, despite its non-malignant nature?
Why might a benign tumor in the brain be considered life-threatening, despite its non-malignant nature?
Which of the following represents the MOST accurate application of tumor nomenclature?
Which of the following represents the MOST accurate application of tumor nomenclature?
A patient notices a new mole that is asymmetrical, has irregular borders, and exhibits multiple colors. Which of the warning signs of cancer does this align with, and what action should be taken?
A patient notices a new mole that is asymmetrical, has irregular borders, and exhibits multiple colors. Which of the warning signs of cancer does this align with, and what action should be taken?
Why does ovarian cancer often have a poor prognosis?
Why does ovarian cancer often have a poor prognosis?
Which factor contributes most significantly to malnutrition in advanced cancer patients?
Which factor contributes most significantly to malnutrition in advanced cancer patients?
Why are brain tumors located in the brainstem considered particularly dangerous?
Why are brain tumors located in the brainstem considered particularly dangerous?
Which statement accurately describes the typical pattern of metastasis for malignant brain tumors?
Which statement accurately describes the typical pattern of metastasis for malignant brain tumors?
What is a primary reason why a patient with advanced cancer might experience a loss of appetite?
What is a primary reason why a patient with advanced cancer might experience a loss of appetite?
Which strategy is most effective in managing malnutrition related to oral health issues in advanced cancer patients?
Which strategy is most effective in managing malnutrition related to oral health issues in advanced cancer patients?
What is the role of CA125 in the context of ovarian cancer?
What is the role of CA125 in the context of ovarian cancer?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy reports that food tastes metallic and unappetizing. Besides recommending bland foods, what intervention could a nurse suggest to improve the patient’s nutritional intake?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy reports that food tastes metallic and unappetizing. Besides recommending bland foods, what intervention could a nurse suggest to improve the patient’s nutritional intake?
Flashcards
Solid lump in tumors
Solid lump in tumors
A painless mass that can form in the breast, testes, or other body areas.
Pain in advanced cancer
Pain in advanced cancer
Pain that emerges due to tumors pressing on nerves or causing inflammation.
Obstruction from tumors
Obstruction from tumors
Occurs when tumors compress or grow within ducts, affecting bodily functions.
Weight Loss and Cachexia
Weight Loss and Cachexia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anemia in cancer
Anemia in cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diagnostic tests for cancer
Diagnostic tests for cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tumor markers
Tumor markers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Imaging tests
Imaging tests
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cytologic tests
Cytologic tests
Signup and view all the flashcards
Invasion
Invasion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metastasis
Metastasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Seeding
Seeding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Staging of Cancer
Staging of Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initiation
Initiation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Promotion
Promotion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Progression
Progression
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neoplasm
Neoplasm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Benign Tumors
Benign Tumors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Malignant Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tumor Nomenclature
Tumor Nomenclature
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carcinoma
Carcinoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oma
Oma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Warning Signs of Cancer
Warning Signs of Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immune System
Immune System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Natural Killer Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Treatment Types
Treatment Types
Signup and view all the flashcards
Curative Treatment
Curative Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prognosis
Prognosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
CA125 Tumor Marker
CA125 Tumor Marker
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Malignant Brain Tumors
Malignant Brain Tumors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Signs of Brain Tumors
Signs of Brain Tumors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Malnutrition in Cancer Patients
Malnutrition in Cancer Patients
Signup and view all the flashcards
Management of Malnutrition
Management of Malnutrition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nutritional Support in Cancer
Nutritional Support in Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Pathophysiology (1) (MBS 213)
- Course focuses on week 4: Neoplasm
- Textbook: Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 4th edition, 2011
- Chapter 5, pages 95-115
Learning Objectives
- Students will describe and discuss neoplasms, covering:
- Definition
- Nomenclature
- Types, grading, and staging
- Effects
- Diagnostic tests
- Methods of spread
- Carcinogenesis process and risk factors
- Examples
Benign and Malignant Tumors
- Neoplasm (tumor): A cellular growth no longer responding to normal body controls.
- Cells continue to reproduce unnecessarily
- Excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients.
- Many tumors consist of atypical (abnormal) or immature cells.
- Tumor characteristics depend on the cell type of origin, resulting in distinct appearances and growth patterns
- Expanding tumors create pressure on surrounding structures
Tumor Nomenclature
- Tumors are named systemically, using root words (e.g., chondro for cartilage) and suffixes (e.g., -oma for benign, -carcinoma for epithelial, -sarcoma for connective tissue).
- Some tumors have unique names in medical practice (e.g., Hodgkin disease, Wilms tumor).
- Oncology is the study of malignant tumors
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors
| Feature | Benign Tumors | Malignant Tumors |
|---|---|---|
| Cells | Similar to normal cells, differentiated | Varied in size and shape, often large nuclei, undifferentiated |
| Growth | Slow | Rapid, often with atypical mitosis |
| Growth Pattern | Expanding mass, frequently encapsulated | Cells not adhesive, often infiltrate surrounding tissues |
| Spread | Remains localized | Invades nearby tissues and metastasizes (spreads to distant sites, often via lymph or blood vessels) |
| Systemic Effects | Rare | Often present (e.g., fatigue, anemia, pain) |
| Life-threatening | Usually not life-threatening unless size and location cause significant pressure | Often life-threatening due to invasion and metastasis |
Warning Signs of Cancer
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Changes in bowel/bladder habits
- Changes in moles or warts
- Sores that don't heal
- Unexplained weight loss
- Anemia, and persistent fatigue.
- Persistent cough or hoarseness
- Solid lumps, especially painless ones in breasts or testicles.
Local Effects of Tumors
- Pain, often a late symptom, results from pressure on sensory nerves, stretching of visceral capsules, inflammation, and secondary factors like bleeding or ischemia.
- Obstruction can occur as tumors compress or grow into ductal pathways (e.g., airways, digestive tract).
- Infections can arise from tissue necrosis around tumors due to blood supply disruption or necrosis.
- Immune system function is often impaired due to cancer.
Systemic Effects of Malignant Tumors
- Weight loss (cachexia): Severe tissue wasting.
- Anemia: Reduced hemoglobin levels impairing oxygen transport and leading to fatigue.
- Fatigue: Often due to inflammatory changes and other associated conditions.
- Infections: Host resistance typically declines with cancer, increasing risk of infections.
- Bleeding: Malignant tumors can erode blood vessels, causing chronic bleeding.
- Paraneoplastic syndromes: Tumor-released substances can disrupt neurologic function, blood clotting, and hormone balance.
Diagnostic Tests
- Blood tests: Detect low blood counts or other abnormal parameters and monitor treatment effects.
- Tumor markers: Biological indicators produced by cancer cells (e.g., CEA, PSA) which can assist in diagnosis and confirm or monitor cancer spread but not conclusive.
- Imaging tests: Use various techniques (X-rays, ultrasounds) to evaluate tissue and organ changes to diagnose and assess cancer extent and impact on body parts.
- Cytologic tests: Examine cells from biopsy samples, confirming malignancy.
Spread of Malignant Tumors
- Invasion: Local spread of tumor cells into surrounding tissue.
- Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to distant sites via blood or lymphatic vessels; tumor cells travel to other parts of the body and form secondary tumors.
- Seeding: Spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes; this often occurs in body cavities.
Staging of Cancer
- Staging categorizes the extent of cancer based on size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M) at diagnosis.
- Subgroups for each stage are established for various cancer types.
- Stage I cancers are usually small and localized, while stage IV cancers are advanced and widespread, difficult to treat.
Stages in Carcinogenesis
- Initiation: Irreversible DNA changes.
- Promotion: Further changes leading to increased mitosis.
- Progression: Continuous exposure leads to metastasis capability.
- Metastasis: Increased growth regulation allows for spread to other areas.
Risk Factors
- Various factors implicated in cancer development:
- Genetic Factors (oncogenes)
- Viruses (oncogenic viruses)
- Radiation (UV, X-rays, etc.)
- Chemicals (both natural and synthetic)
- Chronic Irritation & Inflammation
- Increasing Age
- Diet (natural substances, additives, processing)
- Hormones
Examples of Malignant Tumors
- Skin Cancer:
- Common types are usually visible, treatable, and have a slow progression.
- Melanomas are notable exceptions, having a poor prognosis.
- Ovarian Cancer:
- Hidden and asymptomatic, often detected in later stages.
- Risks include hormonal and genetic factors.
- Brain Tumors:
- Pressure within the skull can be serious.
- Origin can stem from various tissues, but deep-seated tumors are harder to treat.
- Malnutrition and Management:
- Malnutrition is a common consequence of advanced cancer and its treatment, impacting quality of life.
- Management strategies can involve comfort measures, adjusting diet, medications, and nutritional support.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz focuses on the mechanisms of cancer spread, TNM staging, and stages of carcinogenesis, including tumor characteristics and genetic factors. It explores how tumors affect body functions and increase susceptibility to infections. It also covers cellular changes during cancer promotion stages.
