Cancer Biology Quiz

A type of tumor characterized by its relatively slow growth, localized nature, and ability to be easily removed surgically. Generally, these tumors are non-life-threatening, but they may still cause problems.

Tumors that exhibit rapid growth, invasion into surrounding tissues, and the potential to spread to distant sites (metastasize). These tumors can be life-threatening.

The process by which cancer cells spread from the original tumor site to other parts of the body.

When cancer cells invade and destroy nearby tissues by directly migrating and growing into them.

The first step in cancer development, involving a permanent change in DNA caused by a carcinogen.

The second step in cancer development, where a promoted cell is stimulated to grow and multiply. Examples of tumor promoters include alcohol, high estrogen, and dietary fat.

The final stage of cancer development, where an initiated cell undergoes multiple mutations, leading to malignancy and invasive cancer.

The process by which a cancer cell travels to a distant site through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, establishing a new tumor (metastasis).

Viral infections, such as HPV, Hepatitis B and C, and Epstein-Barr, can increase the risk of developing certain cancers.

Certain bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, can cause inflammation in the stomach, which increases the risk of stomach cancer.

The risk of developing cancer increases with age due to increased exposure to carcinogens and time for genetic mutations to occur.

Substances that alter cell behavior, increasing the likelihood of cancer development.

Inherited genetic variations that increase the risk of developing specific types of cancer.

People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing some cancers due to their compromised ability to fight off diseases.

A set of acquired properties in cancer cells that contribute to their growth, survival, and spread.

The hallmarks of cancer are a group of eight biological capabilities acquired during cancer development. These capabilities allow cancer cells to grow uncontrollably, invade other tissues, and spread throughout the body.

A type of gene mutation that changes a normal proto-oncogene into an oncogene, promoting uncontrolled cell growth.

Genes that encode proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation in a regulated manner.

Genes that arise from mutations in proto-oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.

Proteins produced by oncogenes that promote cell growth and proliferation even in absence of normal regulatory signals.

Mutations in genes encoding signaling components downstream of growth factor receptors, granting cells independence from normal growth signals.

The most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers, responsible for uncontrolled cell growth by promoting uncontrolled signaling.

The process where cancer cells produce their own growth factors, stimulating their own growth and proliferation.

The process where cancer cells induce nearby stromal cells to produce growth factors, creating a favorable environment for their own growth.

Tumor suppressor genes are key proteins that regulate cell cycle checkpoints, ensuring DNA is repaired before proceeding with cell division. If DNA repair is impossible, these genes trigger cell death (apoptosis).

When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated, they lose their ability to control cell division, leading to uncontrolled growth of mutated cells.

Cancer cells have higher glucose uptake than normal cells, preferring lactic acid fermentation even in the presence of oxygen. This 'glucose-hunger' rapidly produces building blocks for rapid growth.

The Warburg effect is the phenomenon where cancer cells prioritize fermentation, even with oxygen, to get quick building blocks for growth, unlike normal cells that use respiration for energy.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that eliminates damaged or unwanted cells, crucial for maintaining tissue integrity.

Cancer cells often evade apoptosis by interfering with its pathways, especially the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway. Preventing cell death is a key survival strategy for cancer.

Second messengers or signal transduction molecules relay signals from the cell surface to the nucleus, activating regulatory factors that initiate DNA transcription and protein synthesis required for cell division.

Cell cycle progression involves a series of stages regulated by checkpoints, ensuring proper DNA replication and division. Tumor suppressor genes monitor these checkpoints.

These are substances that can cause cancer, damaging DNA and leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

This is the spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body, forming new tumors.

This involves testing for specific genetic changes or alterations in cells that can indicate the presence of cancer.

This is the process by which normal cells transform into cancerous cells, involving multiple steps and changes in the cell's DNA.

These are substances that promote the growth and development of cancer cells, even after initiation.

They are produced by tumor cells and can be found in the blood or other bodily fluids, helping to monitor cancer progression or treatment effectiveness.

This is a test used to detect and amplify specific DNA sequences linked to cancer, helping in diagnosis and monitoring.

This technique uses fluorescent probes to detect specific genetic abnormalities or chromosomal changes within cells.

A type of laboratory test that examines the microscopic features of a tumor to determine its characteristics, such as its type and growth pattern.

Used to classify leukemias and lymphomas. In this method, antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes are used to identify specific proteins on the surface of malignant cells.

A powerful technique used in conjunction with routine histologic examination to identify specific proteins in tissue sections. Antibodies are used to bind to these proteins, allowing for their visualization.

A type of laboratory test where a sample of cells is collected from a suspected tumor and examined under a microscope. These smears are often used to diagnose cervical cancer.

The process where a thin needle is inserted into a tumor or suspicious area to collect cells for examination.

Collecting cells that have naturally shed from a body cavity, such as the lining of an organ, for laboratory examination

Patients with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing certain types of cancer because they lack the ability to effectively fight off infections and harmful cells.

Cancer caused by specific DNA viruses is often seen in immunosuppressed patients because viruses may replicate and cause harm unchecked due to a weakened immune response.

The basic function of the cell cycle is to duplicate DNA and then separate the copies into two identical daughter cells.

The S phase is dedicated to DNA synthesis, copying all the genetic material. This crucial step takes about half of the cell's total cycle time.

The M phase is when the cell separates chromosomes and divides itself. This phase includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

The cell cycle features four main phases: G1, S, G2, and M. G1, S, and G2 together are called interphase. This is the longest stage of the cell cycle.

The G1 phase is a growth phase where the cell synthesizes proteins and mRNA in preparation for mitosis. It also duplicates its organelles.

The S phase requires 10-12 hours in mammalian cells, representing a significant portion of the cell cycle.

The M phase usually takes less than an hour in mammalian cells, making it much shorter than interphase.

The cell cycle consists of a series of phases that ensure proper DNA replication and division. Tumor suppressor genes play a vital role in monitoring these checkpoints.

A critical checkpoint that determines if a cell will continue dividing or enter a resting state. It checks for favorable conditions and the necessary requirements for cell division.

A resting phase where cells exit the cell cycle and enter a state of inactivity. Some cells only spend a short time here, while others never divide.

The phase where DNA replication occurs. The cell focuses on doubling its genetic material and preparing for division.

The second growth phase where the cell prepares for mitosis. It ensures enough proteins and organelles are ready for cell division.

A checkpoint at the end of G2 phase that makes sure the cell is ready for mitosis. It checks for the presence of a specific protein called Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF).

The final stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides into two daughter cells. It consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.

The process within M phase where the duplicated chromosomes condense and separate into two identical sets, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome.

The process where the cytoplasm divides, creating two distinct daughter cells after mitosis. It completes the cell division process.

Ras is a small GTPase. The active form of Ras is bound to GTP and the inactive form is bound to GDP. GAPs inactivate Ras by stimulating the hydrolysis of bound GTP to GDP.

GAPs (GTPase activating proteins) inactivate Ras by stimulating the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. The inactivated Ras is tightly bound to GDP.

GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) activate Ras by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP.

Mutated RAS oncogenes can contribute to 15-20% of human cancers with high rates in cancers of the pancreas and colon.

Point mutations in RAS are the most common abnormality found in human tumors. These mutations can make Ras constitutively active, meaning it is always switched on, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

Point mutations in the RAS gene lead to a single amino acid change in the protein, preventing the GTPase activity of the protein making it constitutively active. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer.

Gene amplification can increase the copy number of a gene. Myc is a mitogenic gene regulatory protein that is often overproduced in cancer cells due to gene amplification.

Errors during DNA replication and repair can lead to changes in chromosome structure or number. These changes can increase the copy number of genes and drive cancer development.

A process where two separate mutations are required to inactivate a tumor suppressor gene, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development.

A gene located on chromosome 13 that functions as a tumor suppressor. It is involved in regulating cell cycle progression and preventing uncontrolled cell growth.

A protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle by stopping cell division at the G1 checkpoint. It binds and inactivates E2F proteins, which are essential for the expression of genes related to DNA replication and cell cycle progression.

A family of transcription factors that are essential for the expression of genes required for DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Rb proteins bind to and inhibit their activity.

A type of cancer that affects the eye, particularly in children. It is caused by mutations in the Rb gene, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

Occurs when the first mutation in the Rb gene is inherited from a parent, making the individual predisposed to developing retinoblastoma.

Occurs when both mutations in the Rb gene are acquired during an individual's lifetime, leading to a later onset of retinoblastoma.

Genes responsible for regulating cell growth and division. Their inactivation removes the brake on cell division, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.

Ras proteins are activated when they bind to GTP, switching to their active state. They then activate downstream signaling pathways.

One of the major signaling pathways activated by Ras is the MAPK/ERK pathway, crucial for cell growth and differentiation. This pathway involves a chain of proteins (Raf, MEK, ERK) that relay the signal.

Active Ras proteins promote cell division, prevent programmed cell death (apoptosis), and regulate cell differentiation.

A mutated gene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, frequently found in various cancers.

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that controls cell growth and proliferation. A mutation in this gene can transform it into an oncogene, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

A tightly regulated series of events that ensures proper growth and division of cells, involving DNA replication and cell division.

A type of oncogene, often mutated in various cancers, particularly in cancers related to signaling pathways, like the one involving Ras.

A gene that protects against cancer by controlling cell growth and division, preventing uncontrolled cell proliferation.

A tumor suppressor gene that acts as a transcription factor, regulating genes involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair. It can arrest the cell cycle if DNA is damaged, allowing for repair.

A tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle by inhibiting the activity of transcription factors necessary for cell cycle progression, preventing uncontrolled cell division.

A proto-oncogene that becomes an oncogene when mutated. It plays a significant role in cellular signaling pathways, and mutations can lead to excessive cell growth and division.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that help repair damaged DNA. Mutations in these genes increase the risk of developing certain cancers, including breast, ovarian, prostate, and others.

ER-positive breast cancers are a type of breast cancer that is sensitive to estrogen. They often have certain genomic changes, like gains of chromosome 1 and losses of chromosome 16.

HER2-overexpressed breast cancer is caused by an overabundance of the HER2 protein, usually due to gene amplification. These cancers may be positive or negative for estrogen sensitivity.

Basal-like tumors are a type of breast cancer that is negative for estrogen receptors and HER2. They are genomically unstable and often have a loss of function in BRCA1 and TP53.

A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast used to detect abnormalities. It's a common screening tool for breast cancer.

An ultrasound uses sound waves to create an image of the breast, helping differentiate between solid masses and cysts. It is another common screening tool.

A biopsy is a procedure where a sample of tissue is taken and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.

A clinical breast exam is a manual check by a healthcare professional to detect lumps or other abnormalities in the breast.

A type of biopsy that removes a small cylinder of tissue using a larger needle.

A type of biopsy that removes a part or all of a suspicious lump for examination.

A type of biopsy that uses a thin needle to extract cells or fluid.

A procedure that checks if cancer has spread to lymph nodes.

A procedure that removes additional lymph nodes if cancer is found during the sentinel lymph node biopsy.

A type of therapy that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, either before or after surgery.

A type of therapy that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

A type of therapy that blocks hormones that fuel cancer growth.

A common benign condition in the breast, usually appearing in women between 20 and menopause. It involves the growth of glandular and fibrous tissue, leading to cysts within the breast.

The most typical benign tumor in the female breast, often occurring between the ages of 30 and 40. It involves both epithelial (glandular) and stromal tissue.

A type of breast cancer arising from the epithelium of milk ducts. It is the most common form of breast cancer.

A non-invasive form of breast cancer, primarily affecting the milk ducts. It is considered a precursor to invasive ductal carcinoma.

A non-invasive form of breast cancer originating in the milk-producing lobules. It is considered a precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma.

This type of breast cancer arises from the milk-producing lobules, unlike ductal carcinoma. It is less common but often presents with a more widespread pattern.

A key player in the regulation of cell division. It's a tumor suppressor gene that acts like a brake on cell growth, preventing uncontrolled proliferation.

A tumor suppressor gene that acts as a 'guardian of the genome.' It plays a crucial role in controlling cell cycle progression and promoting DNA repair.

HPV E6 protein promotes the degradation of the tumor suppressor protein, p53.

The E6 protein from high-risk HPV types has a stronger affinity for p53 compared to E6 from low-risk HPV types.

HPV E7 protein binds to and disables the RB protein, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

E7 proteins from high-risk HPV types have a higher affinity for RB than those from low-risk types.

HPV integration into the host genome disrupts a negative regulatory region, leading to overexpression of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins.

High-risk HPVs are more likely to persist in the host cell, increasing the chance of developing cervical cancer.

HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of cases of cervical cancer.

High-risk HPVs are more likely to integrate into the host genome, disrupting the balance of viral and host genes.

A type of diagnostic test used to detect precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix.

A medical procedure that uses a special magnifying instrument to examine the cervix for abnormal areas.

A type of biopsy that removes a small sample of cervical tissue using a punch tool.

A type of biopsy that removes a larger, cone-shaped section of cervical tissue.

A surgical procedure that removes the cervix while potentially preserving fertility.

A vaccine that protects against the human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes many cervical cancers.

Regular screenings with Pap smears and HPV testing help identify precancerous changes or HPV infections early.

Abnormal buildup of a protein fragment called β-amyloid (Aβ) in the spaces between neurons.

Abnormal clumps of the protein 'tau' inside neurons.

A type of enzyme that breaks down APP into fragments, including Aβ.

Aβ is generated when the transmembrane protein amyloid precursor protein (APP) is sequentially cleaved by the enzymes β-amyloid–converting enzyme (BACE) and γ-secretase.

Both neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, contributing to neuronal dysfunction.