Cancer Overview and Carcinogenesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of cancer?

  • A benign neoplastic disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells.
  • A malignant neoplastic disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells. (correct)
  • A benign disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells.
  • A malignant disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells.

    • What are the four stages of carcinogenesis?

  • Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Regression
  • Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Regression
  • Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Progression (correct)
  • Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Metastasis

    • What is the most common route of metastasis?

  • Local seeding
  • Bloodborne metastases (correct)
  • Lymphatic spread
  • None of the above

    • What are the two methods used to describe the extent of a tumor?

    <p>Grading and Staging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between normal and abnormal cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of surgery for cancer?

    <p>Prophylactic, Curative, Palliative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common side effects of chemotherapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer?

    <p>To destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of bone marrow transplantation?

    <p>Allogenic and Autologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukemia is a group of hematological malignancies involving abnormal OVERPRODUCTION of leukocytes usually at an immature stage in the bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia mostly involves lymphoblasts present in the bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia mostly involves lymphocytes abundant in the bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most common signs and symptoms of leukemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoma is a type of cancer that is characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hodgkin's Disease is a malignancy of the lymph nodes that originates in a single lymph node or a chain of nodes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-Hodgkin's Disease is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the nodes upon biopsy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cause of Hodgkin's Disease is known.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of bone marrow transplantation?

    <p>Autologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common complications of bone marrow transplantation?

    <p>Failure to engraft, Graft-vs-host disease, Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skin Cancer is the most common cancer in the United States.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of malignant skin tumors?

    <p>Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant Melanoma is the most common type of skin cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for Malignant Melanoma is good.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of Thyroid cancer?

    <p>Papillary Adenocarcinoma, Follicular Adenocarcinoma, Medullary, Anaplastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Papillary Adenocarcinoma is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Follicular Adenocarcinoma is a more aggressive type of thyroid cancer than Papillary Adenocarcinoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medullary thyroid cancer is a hormone-producing tumor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for Medullary thyroid cancer is poor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid lymphoma is a type of thyroid cancer that typically develops in the elderly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid lymphoma is a very fast-growing and aggressive type of cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for thyroid lymphoma is poor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone cancer is a type of cancer that is more common among men.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for bone cancer is good.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common site for osteosarcoma is the distal femur.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of treatment for bone cancer?

    <p>Surgical excision, Amputation, Disarticulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is a serious condition that can be life-threatening.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is most commonly associated with lung cancer and lymphoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common sign of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is edema of the face, especially around the eyes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is good.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is radiation therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone can occur when tumors produce or stimulate substances that mimic the antidiuretic hormone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is muscle weakness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is fluid resuscitation and increased sodium intake.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia is a condition that occurs when the body releases too much calcium into the bloodstream.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated with bone metastasis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of Hypercalcemia is fatigue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for Hypercalcemia is IV fluids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tumor Lysis Syndrome is a condition that occurs when large quantities of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of Tumor Lysis Syndrome is hyperkalemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for Tumor Lysis Syndrome is increase fluid intake.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostate Cancer is a slow-growing malignancy of the prostate gland.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostate Cancer is more common in women than in men.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of Prostate Cancer is pain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five main types of treatment for Prostate Cancer?

    <p>Hormone manipulation therapy, Cryosurgical ablation, Transurethral resection of the prostate, Suprapubic prostatectomy, Perineal prostatectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the testes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cryosurgical ablation is a minimally invasive surgery that is an alternative to radical prostatectomy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the bladder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suprapubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through an incision in the abdomen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the perineum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perineal prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the perineum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of Bladder Cancer is painless hematuria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for Bladder Cancer is radiation therapy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemotherapy is a common treatment for Bladder Cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most common surgical procedures for Bladder Cancer?

    <p>Transurethral Resection of bladder tumor, Radical Cystectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transurethral Resection of bladder tumor is a surgical procedure that is performed for early stage tumors and for clients who cannot tolerate a radical cystectomy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the bladder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates an alternative pathway for urine collection and excretion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ileal conduit is a type of urinary diversion that involves implanting the ureters into a segment of the ileum with the formation of an abdominal stoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kock Pouch is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating an internal ileal reservoir from a segment of the ileum and ascending colon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indiana Pouch is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating a continent reservoir from the ascending colon and terminal ileum, making a pouch larger than the Kock Pouch.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The creation of a neobladder is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating a new bladder from a segment of the intestine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Percutaneous nephrostomy or pyelostomy is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a tube into the kidney for drainage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ureterostomy is a surgical procedure that involves attaching the ureters to the surface of the abdomen, where the urine flows directly into a drainage appliance without a conduit.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicostomy is a surgical procedure that involves suturing the bladder to the abdomen, and creating a stoma in the bladder wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brain tumors are intracranial lesions that occupy the brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common type of brain tumor is a glial tumor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common type of glial tumor is an astrocytoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive type of astrocytoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pilocytic astrocytoma is a type of astrocytoma that is usually benign.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glial tumor that is characterized by their cellular appearance and benign behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ependymomas are a type of brain tumor that is often associated with hydrocephalus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meningiomas are a type of brain tumor that is often benign and can be completely removed if they do not involve vital structures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary CNS Lymphomas are a type of brain tumor that is especially common in people with weakened immune systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for Primary CNS Lymphomas is good.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common type of skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant melanoma is the most common and deadliest type of skin cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basal cell carcinoma is usually slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squamous cell carcinoma is a faster-growing type of skin cancer, but the prognosis is better than basal cell carcinoma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and it can spread very quickly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant Melanoma can occur on any part of the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for Malignant Melanoma is better if it is detected early.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common sign of Malignant Melanoma is a mole that has changed in size, shape, or color.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Esophageal cancer is a malignancy found in the esophageal mucosa, formed by squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of esophageal cancer is cigarette smoking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptoms of esophageal cancer are dysphagia and painful swallowing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for esophageal cancer is surgery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of surgery for esophageal cancer?

    <p>Subtotal Gastrectomy, Total gastrectomy, Esophagectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric cancer is a malignant growth of the mucosal cells in the inner lining of the stomach, with invasion to the muscle and beyond in advanced disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of gastric cancer is H. pylori infection

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of gastric cancer is indigestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for gastric cancer is surgery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of surgery for gastric cancer?

    <p>Subtotal Gastrectomy, Total gastrectomy, Esophagectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intestinal cancer is a malignant lesion that develops in the cells lining the bowel, or develops as an adenomatous polyp in the colon or rectum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of intestinal cancer is blood in the stool.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for intestinal cancer is surgery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of surgery for intestinal cancer?

    <p>Colectomy, Ileostomy, Colostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal cancer is a papillomatous growth in the bladder urothelium that undergoes malignant changes and that may infiltrate the bladder wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of renal cancer is painless hematuria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common treatment for renal cancer is surgery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of surgery for renal cancer?

    <p>Radical nephrectomy, Laparoscopic nephrectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lung cancer is a malignant tumor of the bronchi and peripheral lung tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs are a common target for metastasis from other organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cancer Overview

    • Cancer is a malignant neoplastic disorder affecting all organs, with varied manifestations.
    • Cancer cells ignore growth-regulating signals and grow uncontrollably.
    • This leads to impaired immune and hematopoietic functions, altered gastrointestinal and respiratory function, and sensory/motor deficits.

    Carcinogenesis

    • Carcinogenesis is the malignant transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell.
    • It involves four steps: initiation, promotion, proliferation, and progression.
    • Initiation: Initial exposure to a carcinogen.
    • Promotion: Repeated exposure leading to reversible changes.
    • Proliferation: Expansion of initiated cells, expressing increased carcinogenic manifestations and abnormal genetic information.
    • Progression: Malignant behavior of altered cells increases. Rapid growth. Metastasis is a key part of progression.

    Cancer Classification

    • Solid tumors originate from specific organs (e.g., breast, lung).
    • Hematological cancers originate from blood-forming tissues (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma).

    Grading and Staging

    • Grading assesses cellular aspects, indicating growth rate and speed.
    • Staging classifies the severity and clinical aspects, particularly metastasis, at diagnosis.
    • Grading classifications are: Grade 1 (well-differentiated, mild dysplasia), Grade 2 (moderately differentiated, moderate dysplasia), Grade 3 (poorly differentiated, severe dysplasia), and Grade 4 (undifferentiated, high grade).

    Staging

    • Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ (cancer confined to the original tissue).
    • Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized growth.
    • Stage II: Limited local spread.
    • Stage III: Extensive regional spread.
    • Stage IV: Distant metastasis.

    TNM Classification (solid tumors)

    • T: Tumor size, extent, penetration.
    • N: Lymph node involvement.
    • M: Metastasis.
    • Example: T1, N0, M0 indicates a small tumor, no lymph node involvement, and no metastasis.

    Cancer Risk Factors

    • Lifestyle

      • Obesity
      • Diet
      • genetics
      • age
      • immune function

    • Environmental

      • Chemical carcinogens
      • Physical carcinogens
      • Viral carcinogens
      • Infections

    Cancer Treatment

    • Surgery:
      • Prophylactic: Reduces cancer risk.
      • Curative: Removes or destroys the tumor.
      • Control: Reduces the size of a tumor.
      • Palliative: Improves quality of life but may not cure.
      • Reconstructive/rehabilitative: Improves appearance/function.
    • Chemotherapy: Kills or slows cancer cell production. Has systemic effects, damaging normal cells in some cases.
    • Radiation: Destroys cancer cells with minimal effect on normal cells.

    Diagnostic Exams

    • Biopsy is a tissue sample for microscopic examination.
    • Other tests: Mammography, Pap test, rectal exams, colonoscopies, breast/testicular self-exams and examinations, skin inspection, bone marrow aspirate, chest radiograph, CBC, cytologic studies.

    Additional Cancers

    • Leukemia classification: Acute lymphocytic, Acute myelogenous, Chronic lymphocytic, Chronic myelogenous.
    • Lymphoma: Hodgkin's (presence of Reed-Sternberg cells), Non-Hodgkin's.
    • Multiple myeloma (malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bones).
    • Cervical Cancer (preinvasive/invasive, HPV infection).
    • Testicular Cancer (germinal/non-germinal, common ages 15 to 40).

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    Related Documents

    Cancer Classification & Carcinogenesis PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the overview of cancer, including its definition and impact on bodily functions. It explores the process of carcinogenesis, detailing the steps of malignant transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one. Additionally, the quiz addresses cancer classification including types of tumors.

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