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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of cancer?
What is the definition of cancer?
- A benign neoplastic disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells.
- A malignant neoplastic disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells. (correct)
- A benign disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells.
- A malignant disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and the type of tumor cells.
What are the four stages of carcinogenesis?
What are the four stages of carcinogenesis?
- Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Regression
- Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Regression
- Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Progression (correct)
- Initiation, Promotion, Proliferation, Metastasis
What is the most common route of metastasis?
What is the most common route of metastasis?
- Local seeding
- Bloodborne metastases (correct)
- Lymphatic spread
- None of the above
What are the two methods used to describe the extent of a tumor?
What are the two methods used to describe the extent of a tumor?
What is the main difference between normal and abnormal cells?
What is the main difference between normal and abnormal cells?
What are the three main types of surgery for cancer?
What are the three main types of surgery for cancer?
What are some common side effects of chemotherapy?
What are some common side effects of chemotherapy?
What is the goal of radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer?
What is the goal of radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer?
What are the two main types of bone marrow transplantation?
What are the two main types of bone marrow transplantation?
Leukemia is a group of hematological malignancies involving abnormal OVERPRODUCTION of leukocytes usually at an immature stage in the bone marrow.
Leukemia is a group of hematological malignancies involving abnormal OVERPRODUCTION of leukocytes usually at an immature stage in the bone marrow.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia mostly involves lymphoblasts present in the bone marrow.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia mostly involves lymphoblasts present in the bone marrow.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia mostly involves lymphocytes abundant in the bone marrow.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia mostly involves lymphocytes abundant in the bone marrow.
What are the two most common signs and symptoms of leukemia?
What are the two most common signs and symptoms of leukemia?
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that is characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that is characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes
Hodgkin's Disease is a malignancy of the lymph nodes that originates in a single lymph node or a chain of nodes.
Hodgkin's Disease is a malignancy of the lymph nodes that originates in a single lymph node or a chain of nodes.
Non-Hodgkin's Disease is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the nodes upon biopsy.
Non-Hodgkin's Disease is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the nodes upon biopsy.
The cause of Hodgkin's Disease is known.
The cause of Hodgkin's Disease is known.
What is the most common type of bone marrow transplantation?
What is the most common type of bone marrow transplantation?
What are some common complications of bone marrow transplantation?
What are some common complications of bone marrow transplantation?
Skin Cancer is the most common cancer in the United States.
Skin Cancer is the most common cancer in the United States.
What are the three types of malignant skin tumors?
What are the three types of malignant skin tumors?
Malignant Melanoma is the most common type of skin cancer.
Malignant Melanoma is the most common type of skin cancer.
The prognosis for Malignant Melanoma is good.
The prognosis for Malignant Melanoma is good.
What are the four main types of Thyroid cancer?
What are the four main types of Thyroid cancer?
Papillary Adenocarcinoma is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer.
Papillary Adenocarcinoma is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer.
Follicular Adenocarcinoma is a more aggressive type of thyroid cancer than Papillary Adenocarcinoma.
Follicular Adenocarcinoma is a more aggressive type of thyroid cancer than Papillary Adenocarcinoma.
Medullary thyroid cancer is a hormone-producing tumor.
Medullary thyroid cancer is a hormone-producing tumor.
The prognosis for Medullary thyroid cancer is poor.
The prognosis for Medullary thyroid cancer is poor.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer.
Thyroid lymphoma is a type of thyroid cancer that typically develops in the elderly.
Thyroid lymphoma is a type of thyroid cancer that typically develops in the elderly.
Thyroid lymphoma is a very fast-growing and aggressive type of cancer.
Thyroid lymphoma is a very fast-growing and aggressive type of cancer.
The prognosis for thyroid lymphoma is poor.
The prognosis for thyroid lymphoma is poor.
Bone cancer is a type of cancer that is more common among men.
Bone cancer is a type of cancer that is more common among men.
The prognosis for bone cancer is good.
The prognosis for bone cancer is good.
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer.
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer.
The most common site for osteosarcoma is the distal femur.
The most common site for osteosarcoma is the distal femur.
What are the three main types of treatment for bone cancer?
What are the three main types of treatment for bone cancer?
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is a serious condition that can be life-threatening.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is a serious condition that can be life-threatening.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is most commonly associated with lung cancer and lymphoma.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is most commonly associated with lung cancer and lymphoma.
The most common sign of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is edema of the face, especially around the eyes.
The most common sign of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is edema of the face, especially around the eyes.
The prognosis for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is good.
The prognosis for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is good.
The most common treatment for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is radiation therapy.
The most common treatment for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome is radiation therapy.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone can occur when tumors produce or stimulate substances that mimic the antidiuretic hormone.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone can occur when tumors produce or stimulate substances that mimic the antidiuretic hormone.
The most common symptom of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is muscle weakness.
The most common symptom of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is muscle weakness.
The most common treatment for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is fluid resuscitation and increased sodium intake.
The most common treatment for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is fluid resuscitation and increased sodium intake.
Hypercalcemia is a condition that occurs when the body releases too much calcium into the bloodstream.
Hypercalcemia is a condition that occurs when the body releases too much calcium into the bloodstream.
Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated with bone metastasis.
Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated with bone metastasis.
The most common symptom of Hypercalcemia is fatigue.
The most common symptom of Hypercalcemia is fatigue.
The most common treatment for Hypercalcemia is IV fluids.
The most common treatment for Hypercalcemia is IV fluids.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome is a condition that occurs when large quantities of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome is a condition that occurs when large quantities of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly.
The most common symptom of Tumor Lysis Syndrome is hyperkalemia.
The most common symptom of Tumor Lysis Syndrome is hyperkalemia.
The most common treatment for Tumor Lysis Syndrome is increase fluid intake.
The most common treatment for Tumor Lysis Syndrome is increase fluid intake.
Prostate Cancer is a slow-growing malignancy of the prostate gland.
Prostate Cancer is a slow-growing malignancy of the prostate gland.
Prostate Cancer is more common in women than in men.
Prostate Cancer is more common in women than in men.
The most common symptom of Prostate Cancer is pain.
The most common symptom of Prostate Cancer is pain.
What are the five main types of treatment for Prostate Cancer?
What are the five main types of treatment for Prostate Cancer?
Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the testes.
Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the testes.
Cryosurgical ablation is a minimally invasive surgery that is an alternative to radical prostatectomy.
Cryosurgical ablation is a minimally invasive surgery that is an alternative to radical prostatectomy.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the bladder.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the bladder.
Suprapubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through an incision in the abdomen.
Suprapubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through an incision in the abdomen.
Retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the perineum.
Retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the perineum.
Perineal prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the perineum.
Perineal prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland through a small incision in the perineum.
The most common symptom of Bladder Cancer is painless hematuria.
The most common symptom of Bladder Cancer is painless hematuria.
The most common treatment for Bladder Cancer is radiation therapy.
The most common treatment for Bladder Cancer is radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy is a common treatment for Bladder Cancer.
Chemotherapy is a common treatment for Bladder Cancer.
What are the two most common surgical procedures for Bladder Cancer?
What are the two most common surgical procedures for Bladder Cancer?
Transurethral Resection of bladder tumor is a surgical procedure that is performed for early stage tumors and for clients who cannot tolerate a radical cystectomy.
Transurethral Resection of bladder tumor is a surgical procedure that is performed for early stage tumors and for clients who cannot tolerate a radical cystectomy.
Cystectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the bladder.
Cystectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the bladder.
Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates an alternative pathway for urine collection and excretion.
Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates an alternative pathway for urine collection and excretion.
Ileal conduit is a type of urinary diversion that involves implanting the ureters into a segment of the ileum with the formation of an abdominal stoma.
Ileal conduit is a type of urinary diversion that involves implanting the ureters into a segment of the ileum with the formation of an abdominal stoma.
Kock Pouch is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating an internal ileal reservoir from a segment of the ileum and ascending colon.
Kock Pouch is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating an internal ileal reservoir from a segment of the ileum and ascending colon.
Indiana Pouch is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating a continent reservoir from the ascending colon and terminal ileum, making a pouch larger than the Kock Pouch.
Indiana Pouch is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating a continent reservoir from the ascending colon and terminal ileum, making a pouch larger than the Kock Pouch.
The creation of a neobladder is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating a new bladder from a segment of the intestine.
The creation of a neobladder is a type of urinary diversion that involves creating a new bladder from a segment of the intestine.
Percutaneous nephrostomy or pyelostomy is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a tube into the kidney for drainage.
Percutaneous nephrostomy or pyelostomy is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a tube into the kidney for drainage.
Ureterostomy is a surgical procedure that involves attaching the ureters to the surface of the abdomen, where the urine flows directly into a drainage appliance without a conduit.
Ureterostomy is a surgical procedure that involves attaching the ureters to the surface of the abdomen, where the urine flows directly into a drainage appliance without a conduit.
Vesicostomy is a surgical procedure that involves suturing the bladder to the abdomen, and creating a stoma in the bladder wall.
Vesicostomy is a surgical procedure that involves suturing the bladder to the abdomen, and creating a stoma in the bladder wall.
Brain tumors are intracranial lesions that occupy the brain.
Brain tumors are intracranial lesions that occupy the brain.
The most common type of brain tumor is a glial tumor.
The most common type of brain tumor is a glial tumor.
The most common type of glial tumor is an astrocytoma.
The most common type of glial tumor is an astrocytoma.
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive type of astrocytoma.
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive type of astrocytoma.
Pilocytic astrocytoma is a type of astrocytoma that is usually benign.
Pilocytic astrocytoma is a type of astrocytoma that is usually benign.
Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glial tumor that is characterized by their cellular appearance and benign behavior.
Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glial tumor that is characterized by their cellular appearance and benign behavior.
Ependymomas are a type of brain tumor that is often associated with hydrocephalus.
Ependymomas are a type of brain tumor that is often associated with hydrocephalus.
Meningiomas are a type of brain tumor that is often benign and can be completely removed if they do not involve vital structures.
Meningiomas are a type of brain tumor that is often benign and can be completely removed if they do not involve vital structures.
Primary CNS Lymphomas are a type of brain tumor that is especially common in people with weakened immune systems.
Primary CNS Lymphomas are a type of brain tumor that is especially common in people with weakened immune systems.
The prognosis for Primary CNS Lymphomas is good.
The prognosis for Primary CNS Lymphomas is good.
The most common type of skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma.
The most common type of skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer.
Malignant melanoma is the most common and deadliest type of skin cancer.
Malignant melanoma is the most common and deadliest type of skin cancer.
Basal cell carcinoma is usually slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body.
Basal cell carcinoma is usually slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a faster-growing type of skin cancer, but the prognosis is better than basal cell carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a faster-growing type of skin cancer, but the prognosis is better than basal cell carcinoma.
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and it can spread very quickly.
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and it can spread very quickly.
Malignant Melanoma can occur on any part of the body.
Malignant Melanoma can occur on any part of the body.
The prognosis for Malignant Melanoma is better if it is detected early.
The prognosis for Malignant Melanoma is better if it is detected early.
The most common sign of Malignant Melanoma is a mole that has changed in size, shape, or color.
The most common sign of Malignant Melanoma is a mole that has changed in size, shape, or color.
Esophageal cancer is a malignancy found in the esophageal mucosa, formed by squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
Esophageal cancer is a malignancy found in the esophageal mucosa, formed by squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
The most common cause of esophageal cancer is cigarette smoking.
The most common cause of esophageal cancer is cigarette smoking.
The most common symptoms of esophageal cancer are dysphagia and painful swallowing.
The most common symptoms of esophageal cancer are dysphagia and painful swallowing.
The most common treatment for esophageal cancer is surgery.
The most common treatment for esophageal cancer is surgery.
What are the three main types of surgery for esophageal cancer?
What are the three main types of surgery for esophageal cancer?
Gastric cancer is a malignant growth of the mucosal cells in the inner lining of the stomach, with invasion to the muscle and beyond in advanced disease.
Gastric cancer is a malignant growth of the mucosal cells in the inner lining of the stomach, with invasion to the muscle and beyond in advanced disease.
The most common cause of gastric cancer is H. pylori infection
The most common cause of gastric cancer is H. pylori infection
The most common symptom of gastric cancer is indigestion.
The most common symptom of gastric cancer is indigestion.
The most common treatment for gastric cancer is surgery.
The most common treatment for gastric cancer is surgery.
What are the three main types of surgery for gastric cancer?
What are the three main types of surgery for gastric cancer?
Intestinal cancer is a malignant lesion that develops in the cells lining the bowel, or develops as an adenomatous polyp in the colon or rectum.
Intestinal cancer is a malignant lesion that develops in the cells lining the bowel, or develops as an adenomatous polyp in the colon or rectum.
The most common symptom of intestinal cancer is blood in the stool.
The most common symptom of intestinal cancer is blood in the stool.
The most common treatment for intestinal cancer is surgery.
The most common treatment for intestinal cancer is surgery.
What are the three main types of surgery for intestinal cancer?
What are the three main types of surgery for intestinal cancer?
Renal cancer is a papillomatous growth in the bladder urothelium that undergoes malignant changes and that may infiltrate the bladder wall.
Renal cancer is a papillomatous growth in the bladder urothelium that undergoes malignant changes and that may infiltrate the bladder wall.
The most common symptom of renal cancer is painless hematuria.
The most common symptom of renal cancer is painless hematuria.
The most common treatment for renal cancer is surgery.
The most common treatment for renal cancer is surgery.
What are the two main types of surgery for renal cancer?
What are the two main types of surgery for renal cancer?
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor of the bronchi and peripheral lung tissue.
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor of the bronchi and peripheral lung tissue.
The lungs are a common target for metastasis from other organs.
The lungs are a common target for metastasis from other organs.
Flashcards
Cancer
Cancer
A malignant neoplastic disorder involving any body organ, with varying manifestations depending on the affected system and tumor type.
Solid Tumors
Solid Tumors
Cancers originating from specific organs.
Hematological Cancers
Hematological Cancers
Cancers originating from blood-forming tissues.
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis
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Initiation (Carcinogenesis)
Initiation (Carcinogenesis)
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Promotion (Carcinogenesis)
Promotion (Carcinogenesis)
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Progression (Carcinogenesis)
Progression (Carcinogenesis)
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Metastasis
Metastasis
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Local Seeding
Local Seeding
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Bloodborne Metastasis
Bloodborne Metastasis
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Lymphatic Spread
Lymphatic Spread
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Grading (Cancer)
Grading (Cancer)
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Staging (Cancer)
Staging (Cancer)
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TNM Classification
TNM Classification
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
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Tumor size
Tumor size
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Lymph node involvement
Lymph node involvement
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Distant metastasis
Distant metastasis
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Prognosis
Prognosis
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Biopsy
Biopsy
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
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Radiation Therapy
Radiation Therapy
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Surgery (cancer)
Surgery (cancer)
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Study Notes
Cancer Overview
- Cancer is a malignant neoplastic disorder affecting all organs, with varied manifestations.
- Cancer cells ignore growth-regulating signals and grow uncontrollably.
- This leads to impaired immune and hematopoietic functions, altered gastrointestinal and respiratory function, and sensory/motor deficits.
Carcinogenesis
- Carcinogenesis is the malignant transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell.
- It involves four steps: initiation, promotion, proliferation, and progression.
- Initiation: Initial exposure to a carcinogen.
- Promotion: Repeated exposure leading to reversible changes.
- Proliferation: Expansion of initiated cells, expressing increased carcinogenic manifestations and abnormal genetic information.
- Progression: Malignant behavior of altered cells increases. Rapid growth. Metastasis is a key part of progression.
Cancer Classification
- Solid tumors originate from specific organs (e.g., breast, lung).
- Hematological cancers originate from blood-forming tissues (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma).
Grading and Staging
- Grading assesses cellular aspects, indicating growth rate and speed.
- Staging classifies the severity and clinical aspects, particularly metastasis, at diagnosis.
- Grading classifications are: Grade 1 (well-differentiated, mild dysplasia), Grade 2 (moderately differentiated, moderate dysplasia), Grade 3 (poorly differentiated, severe dysplasia), and Grade 4 (undifferentiated, high grade).
Staging
- Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ (cancer confined to the original tissue).
- Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized growth.
- Stage II: Limited local spread.
- Stage III: Extensive regional spread.
- Stage IV: Distant metastasis.
TNM Classification (solid tumors)
- T: Tumor size, extent, penetration.
- N: Lymph node involvement.
- M: Metastasis.
- Example: T1, N0, M0 indicates a small tumor, no lymph node involvement, and no metastasis.
Cancer Risk Factors
-
Lifestyle
- Obesity
- Diet
- genetics
- age
- immune function
-
Environmental
- Chemical carcinogens
- Physical carcinogens
- Viral carcinogens
- Infections
Cancer Treatment
- Surgery:
- Prophylactic: Reduces cancer risk.
- Curative: Removes or destroys the tumor.
- Control: Reduces the size of a tumor.
- Palliative: Improves quality of life but may not cure.
- Reconstructive/rehabilitative: Improves appearance/function.
- Chemotherapy: Kills or slows cancer cell production. Has systemic effects, damaging normal cells in some cases.
- Radiation: Destroys cancer cells with minimal effect on normal cells.
Diagnostic Exams
- Biopsy is a tissue sample for microscopic examination.
- Other tests: Mammography, Pap test, rectal exams, colonoscopies, breast/testicular self-exams and examinations, skin inspection, bone marrow aspirate, chest radiograph, CBC, cytologic studies.
Additional Cancers
- Leukemia classification: Acute lymphocytic, Acute myelogenous, Chronic lymphocytic, Chronic myelogenous.
- Lymphoma: Hodgkin's (presence of Reed-Sternberg cells), Non-Hodgkin's.
- Multiple myeloma (malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bones).
- Cervical Cancer (preinvasive/invasive, HPV infection).
- Testicular Cancer (germinal/non-germinal, common ages 15 to 40).
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Description
This quiz covers the overview of cancer, including its definition and impact on bodily functions. It explores the process of carcinogenesis, detailing the steps of malignant transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one. Additionally, the quiz addresses cancer classification including types of tumors.
