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Questions and Answers
What role do tumor suppressor genes play in cell division?
What role do tumor suppressor genes play in cell division?
Which of the following statements is true about mutated tumor suppressor genes?
Which of the following statements is true about mutated tumor suppressor genes?
Which proto-oncogene type is involved in generating cellular oncogenes?
Which proto-oncogene type is involved in generating cellular oncogenes?
Which of the following is a function of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene?
Which of the following is a function of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene?
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What happens when tumor suppressor genes detect damage during cell division?
What happens when tumor suppressor genes detect damage during cell division?
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In the context of tumor suppressor genes, what is the consequence of cells evading apoptosis?
In the context of tumor suppressor genes, what is the consequence of cells evading apoptosis?
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Which of the following best describes proto-oncogenes?
Which of the following best describes proto-oncogenes?
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Which event does NOT occur as a result of mutated tumor suppressor genes?
Which event does NOT occur as a result of mutated tumor suppressor genes?
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Which chromosomal abnormality is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma?
Which chromosomal abnormality is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma?
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What is the role of the RB gene in cell cycle regulation?
What is the role of the RB gene in cell cycle regulation?
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Which oncogene is commonly amplified in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
Which oncogene is commonly amplified in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
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The Philadelphia chromosome is a specific translocation associated with which cancer?
The Philadelphia chromosome is a specific translocation associated with which cancer?
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Which gene is referred to as the 'Guardian of the Genome'?
Which gene is referred to as the 'Guardian of the Genome'?
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Which condition is directly related to mutations in the TP53 gene?
Which condition is directly related to mutations in the TP53 gene?
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What type of chromosomal abnormalities are t(15;17), t(8;21), and inv(16) associated with?
What type of chromosomal abnormalities are t(15;17), t(8;21), and inv(16) associated with?
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What is the main consequence of homozygous loss of function in the p53 gene?
What is the main consequence of homozygous loss of function in the p53 gene?
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What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in regulating cell growth?
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in regulating cell growth?
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Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with Burkitt's Lymphoma?
Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with Burkitt's Lymphoma?
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What effect does the fusion of BCR-ABL genes have on cell function?
What effect does the fusion of BCR-ABL genes have on cell function?
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How do proto-oncogenes differ from tumor suppressor genes?
How do proto-oncogenes differ from tumor suppressor genes?
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What is the primary consequence of the overexpression of the MYC gene?
What is the primary consequence of the overexpression of the MYC gene?
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What type of therapy targets specific molecular abnormalities in cancer?
What type of therapy targets specific molecular abnormalities in cancer?
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Which statement correctly describes the action of tumor suppressor genes?
Which statement correctly describes the action of tumor suppressor genes?
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What happens when the function of both alleles of tumor suppressor genes is lost?
What happens when the function of both alleles of tumor suppressor genes is lost?
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Study Notes
Cancer Cytogenetics
- Cancer is a genetic disease, caused by DNA mutations affecting normal cellular processes.
- Genetic changes can be oncogenes (mutated proto-oncogenes) or tumor suppressor genes.
- Oncogenes promote uncontrolled cell growth and division.
- Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and cell division preventing uncontrolled proliferation.
- Cancer develops through the accumulation of genetic mutations in somatic cells.
- Tumors are clonal expansions of cells with genetic damage.
- Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
- Benign tumors are localized, regular in shape, and enclosed within a capsule.
- Malignant tumors are cancerous, invade surrounding tissues, metastasize (spread), and evade apoptosis (programmed cell death).
- Cancer cells can spread using the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
Genes and Cancer
- Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and division.
- If proto-oncogenes are mutated, they become oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth.
- Tumor suppressor genes normally prevent uncontrolled cell growth.
- Loss of function in tumor suppressor genes leads to uncontrolled cell growth.
- Examples of proto-oncogenes include MYC, which normally promotes cell proliferation.
- Mutated Myc causes uncontrolled cell growth.
- TP53 (Tumor Protein 53) is a crucial tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle, genomic stability, and apoptosis.
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cancer
- Structural abnormalities involve alterations in chromosomal architecture, affecting gene expression.
- Translocations, inversions, insertions, duplications, and deletions are examples of structural abnormalities.
- Numerical abnormalities involve abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
- Aneuploidy can increase genetic instability/instability and cause cancer.
- Examples of chromosomal abnormalities in cancer include Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL), and t(8;14) translocation.
Cytogenetic Tests in Cancer
- Karyotyping visually examines chromosomes.
- FISH (Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization) identifies specific genes or chromosomal regions.
- CMA (Chromosomal Microarray Analysis) detects chromosomal anomalies.
- These tests help diagnose cancer, determine disease stage, predict treatment response, and assess recurrence risk.
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cancer
- Understanding the specific cancer type is crucial.
- Determining the disease stage (extent of the cancer) is important.
- Predicting treatment response and estimating recurrence risk are essential for prognosis.
Genetic Counseling in Cancer
- Gathering family history helps assess genetic risk.
- Evaluating genetic testing options, supporting decisions about testing, and providing emotional support are essential.
Gene therapy
- Gene therapy involves manipulating genes.
- Approaches to correct faulty genes, enhance the activity of useful genes, and disable harmful genes.
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Description
Explore the genetic basis of cancer through this quiz on cancer cytogenetics. Learn about the roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as the differences between benign and malignant tumors. Understand how genetic mutations lead to cancer development and progression.
