Cytogenetics in Hematological Malignancies

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can detect both constitutional and somatic genetic disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of specific morphological features characteristic of the condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital chromosomal abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are valuable for diagnosis, classification, and treatment planning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The speed at which cancerous cells proliferate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in the number of all types of blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematological malignancies disrupt the normal function of the hematopoietic system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more common in adults than in children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Philadelphia chromosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>133 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methotrexate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>+4, +10, +17 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased normal immunoglobulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>48-74 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>del(13q) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are important independent predictors of disease progression and survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome 13 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is typically characterized by clonal chromosomal abnormalities in 50-60% of cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This karyotype suggests a poor prognosis and is associated with monosomy 7, a clonal acquired chromosomal abnormality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal Karyotype (NK) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MDS is a group of heterogeneous clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates a relatively good prognosis, but a poor prognosis is associated with combined other anomalies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps determine the subtype of MDS and may provide prognostic information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific cytogenetic abnormalities can significantly impact prognosis, with some associated with favorable outcomes and others with unfavorable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of chromosome structure and function, especially in relation to cancer.

Changes in the normal structure or number of chromosomes often found in cancer cells.

Genes that, when mutated or expressed aberrantly, can lead to cancer development.

Cancers that affect blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, often linked to chromosomal changes.

Specific, identical chromosomal changes that arise in cancer cells from a single precursor cell.

Cancers affecting blood cells and bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma.

A type of cancer that affects blood cells and bone marrow, leading to uncontrolled growth of blood cell precursors.

Malignancies that arise from lymphatic tissue, affecting lymph nodes and immune function.

Causes include unknown origins, oncogene mutations, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions.

Factors like ionizing radiation, chemicals, and viruses that can contribute to hematological malignancies.

More common in adults than children and more frequent in males than females.

Chromosomal abnormalities that are specific to certain types of hematological malignancies, aiding in diagnosis and classification.

A group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells, often diagnosed with bone marrow analysis.

A karyotype describes the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell, here represented as 46,XY,-7.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells.

Monosomy 7 refers to the loss of one chromosome 7, linked with poor prognosis in patients.

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of blood cancers characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells.

Cytogenetic abnormalities in AML occur in about 50-60% of new patients, affecting their prognosis.

Risk stratification in MDS is used to predict patient outcomes based on cytogenetic findings.

Refractory anemia is a subtype of MDS where the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells.

The 5q- syndrome is defined by the deletion of part of chromosome 5, often resulting in a better prognosis in MDS.

Average survival durations based on chromosomal abnormalities in CML.

A type of cancer affecting lymphoid cells, characterized by excessive lymphoblasts in the blood.

A myeloproliferative neoplasm from unrestrained expansion of stem cells.

The derivative formed by t(9;22) in CML, crucial for diagnosis.

Presence of more than 50 chromosomes, common in 25% of pediatric ALL cases, associated with good prognosis.

Chromosomes 4, 10, and 17 are linked to a good prognosis in high hyperdiploidy.

Targeted therapy for CML, including imatinib and others.

A karyotype with 44 or fewer chromosomes; ≤43 chromosomes are associated with very poor outcomes.

CML can progress from chronic phase to accelerated or blast crisis phases.

A cancer of plasma cells, often occurring in middle-aged individuals, with various symptoms including bone pain and anemia.

Hyperdiploidy (48-74 chromosomes) is a favorable prognostic factor in multiple myeloma.

Key genetic abnormalities such as del(17p), del(13q), and t(4;14) indicate a worse outcome for patients.

The most common adult leukemia, mainly affecting B-cells, with a notable male predominance and genomic predictors of progression.