Cancer Biology Overview

Tumor Markers

• Tumor markers are produced by normal cells
• Help determine cancer origin
• Help identify cancer progression
• Include prostatic-specific antigen

Deficits in Immune Function in Cancer

• Chemotherapy can cause deficiencies
• Cancer cells can hinder immune system function
• Cancer metastasis to bone marrow can weaken the system
• Malnutrition can compromise the immune response

Chemotherapy Side Effects

• Anemia is a common side effect
• Nausea can occur
• Bleeding can be a complication
• Infections are a potential side effect

Preneoplastic Cellular Change

• Dysplasia is considered preneoplastic

Malignant Neoplasms of Epithelial Origin

• Carcinoma refers to malignant epithelial tumors

Cancer Grading

• Cancer grading is based on cell differentiation

Allostasis

• Allostasis is the ability to adapt to challenges
• It's the overall process of adapting to maintain survival and well-being

Chemotherapy After Lung Tumor Removal

• Chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cells in the body

Stress Response and Sympathetic Nervous System

• Many stress responses are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system

Coagulative Necrosis

• Coagulative necrosis is caused by ischemia (lack of blood supply)
• Blood supply interruption leads to this type of necrosis

Subclinical Stage

• The subclinical stage is when disease is present but the patient functions normally

Intracellular Accumulations

• Intracellular accumulations indicate injury due to faulty metabolism

Necrotic Brain Tissue Death

• Liquefactive necrosis is the result of necrotic brain tissue death

Meningococcal Meningitis Latent Stage

• The latent stage is when a patient is infected, but not yet showing signs

Apoptosis Cellular Death

• Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular death

Reversible Cellular Responses

• All cellular responses are potentially reversible except necrosis

Selye's Stress Response Phases

• Selye's phases of the stress response include alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Stress Hormone Secretions

• Insulin is not a stress hormone; norepinephrine, cortisol, and epinephrine are

Atrophy General Causes

• Atrophy is caused by disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine glands, and persistent cell injury

Hyperplasia

• Hyperplasia is a term used to indicate increased cell number due to mitosis

Subjective Feeling of Abnormality

• Symptoms refer to a subjective feeling of abnormality in the body

Prodromal Stage

• The prodromal stage is when signs and/or symptoms first appear indicating the onset of a disease

Remission and Severity

• Remission shows a decrease in disease severity, signs, and symptoms.

Diagnostic Test Differentiation

• Specificity is the extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a condition.

Probability of Negative Test Result

• Specificity refers to the probability of a negative test result in individuals without the condition

Epidemiology Study of Disease Patterns

• Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution in populations

Secondary Prevention Focus

• Secondary prevention is focused on early detection, screening, and management of a disease.

Hydropic Cellular Swelling

• Hydropic swelling involves large, pale cytoplasm, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and swollen mitochondria

Metaplasia Cellular Adaptation

• Metaplasia is a cellular response where cells adapt to persistent injury by switching to a less sensitive cell type.

Fatty Tissue Necrosis

• Fat necrosis is characterized by the death of adipose tissue, often resulting from trauma or pancreatitis.

Gas Gangrene Pathogenesis

• Gas gangrene results from anaerobic bacteria infecting necrotic tissue, characterized by gas bubble formation in muscle tissue.

Apoptosis and Inflammation

• Apoptosis does not always cause inflammation; it does not refer to a pathological process

Local and Systemic Cell Death Indicators

• Pain, inflammation, elevated serum enzymes, and increased white blood cells (WBCs) are indicators of cell death

Malignant Tumors

• Untreated, malignant tumors can cause death to the host

Tissue Specific Differentiation

• Malignant tumors are characterized by tissue-specific differentiation that's different from their origin tissue

Risk Factors

• Risk factors are agents or conditions that increase the likelihood of a disease

Cortisol and Stress Response

• Cortisol is a primary glucocorticoid affecting protein metabolism and promoting appetite.

Pituitary Hormone

• The anterior pituitary secretes hormone involved in regulating protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism

Oxytocin

• Oxytocin is produced during childbirth and lactation, and is associated with bonding and social attachment, thought to have a stress mitigating effect

Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid

• Aldosterone is a primary mineralocorticoid that promotes the reabsorption of sodium and water

Elevated Blood Pressure

• Elevated blood pressure is a physical indicator of stress.

Stress Response Persistence

• Stress response's persistence is defined by the inability to habituate to a stressor; the stress response continues even after the stressor has ended.

Behavioral and Emotional Stress Indicators

• Emotional and behavioral indicators of stress include anxiety, depression, changes in eating and sleeping patterns, and substance use.

Epigenetic Modifications

• Epigenetic modifications are changes in gene activity without altering the DNA sequence

Vitamin Deficiencies Neurological and Digestive Disorders

• Deficiencies in certain vitamins (e.g., vitamin E, niacin) can cause various neurological and digestive disorders

Trace Element Deficiency

• Selenium deficiency can lead to cardiomyopathy

Radiation Cellular Effects

• Radiation exposure can cause genetic damage and acute cell destruction

Gastrointestinal Physiological Changes with Aging

• Esophageal emptying, bowel motility, enzyme and HCl production, intrinsic factor production, thickening of stomach mucosa vary with age.

Thrombocytopenia

• Thrombocytopenia is a condition of insufficient platelets, which can lead to life-threatening hemorrhaging.

Somatic Death

• Somatic death refers to the death of the whole organism

Viruses vs. Bacteria

• Viruses differ from most bacteria needing a host to replicate; they are not an independent cellular organism

Infectious Injury Causative Agents

• Injury can result from exotoxins, endotoxins, cell self-destruction, anti-inflammatory reactions, and enzymes from white blood cells

Inflammation and Disease Process

• Infectious injury often inflammation making tissues damaged.

Generalized Weakness

• Cachexia manifests as significant weight loss and generalized weakness.

This quiz covers important concepts in cancer biology, including tumor markers, immune function deficits, chemotherapy effects, and cancer grading. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence cancer progression and treatment outcomes. Ideal for students studying oncology or related fields.