Tumor Markers in Cancer Detection and Treatment
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Questions and Answers

Which tumor marker is associated with Medullary Thyroid Cancer?

  • Cancer Antigen (CA) 125
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
  • Calcitonin (correct)
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotrophins

What is the primary use of tumor markers in assessing the success of treatment?

  • To localize tumor masses
  • To screen the general population
  • To monitor response to therapy (correct)
  • To estimate tumor volume

Which tumor marker is commonly used for screening for prostate cancer?

  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (correct)
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Which of the following tumors is Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) associated with?

<p>Hepatocellular Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which DNA marker mutation is associated with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

<p>Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a-fetoprotein (AFP) NOT useful for screening?

<p>Thyroid cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a-fetoprotein (AFP) level greater than 1000 µg/L generally indicate?

<p>Possible cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer is ferritin NOT a marker for?

<p>Thyroid cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding thyroglobulin?

<p>It is used for detecting differentiated thyroid cancer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with elevated levels of a-fetoprotein (AFP) during pregnancy?

<p>Normal pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of positive estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer patients?

<p>Patients are likely to respond to hormonal treatment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is progesterone receptor testing considered important in breast cancer assessment?

<p>It assesses the integrity of estrogen action mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cytoplasmic estrogen receptors is true?

<p>They are routinely measured after tumor removal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of breast cancer patients typically have tumors with estrogen receptors?

<p>60% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally happens to patients with negative estrogen and progesterone receptors?

<p>They require alternative treatment strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines tumor markers?

<p>Biochemical substances synthesized by cancer cells or in response to cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tumor markers assist in clinical settings?

<p>They help monitor or identify the presence of cancerous growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tumor markers from substances produced by normal cells?

<p>They are qualitatively and quantitatively different (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of tumor markers?

<p>Neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cancer monitoring, which statement about tumor markers is accurate?

<p>They help in monitoring but are not definitive for diagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT essential for a good tumor marker?

<p>Must have a long half-life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as an enzyme/isoenzyme tumor marker?

<p>PAP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor marker includes mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

<p>Genetic Changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of carbohydrate epitopes tumor markers?

<p>They include CA 15-3 and CA 19-9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tumor markers is an oncofetal antigen?

<p>AFP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is PSA?

A protein specific to prostate cells, elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer.

What are immunoglobulins?

A group of proteins found in the body, in excess they can be a sign of multiple myeloma.

What is CA 15-3?

A tumor marker used to monitor the success of treatment for breast cancer.

What is alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?

A protein produced by the liver, elevated levels are linked with liver cancer.

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What is LDH?

An enzyme found in various tissues, elevated levels can indicate lymphoma or germ cell tumors.

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What are tumor markers?

Substances released by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer, used to monitor or detect cancer presence.

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Where do tumor markers come from?

They are produced by cancer cells or normal cells as a response to cancer.

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How are tumor markers different from normal substances?

Tumor markers differ from substances produced normally in the body in terms of quantity or even type.

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What kind of substances are tumor markers?

They can be hormones, enzymes, or proteins.

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What purpose do tumor markers serve?

To monitor the presence, growth or treatment progress of cancer.

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What is ferritin?

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. Increased levels can indicate certain cancers like Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and cancers of the liver, lung, and breast.

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What is thyroglobulin?

Thyroglobulin is a protein made by the thyroid that can be used to detect differentiated thyroid cancer. It's particularly useful for monitoring treatment and recurrence.

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What is a significant cut-off value for AFP?

Elevated levels of AFP above 1000 µg/L are generally indicative of cancer, except during pregnancy.

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Name three tumor markers for detection of different cancers.

AFP, Ferritin, and Thyroglobulin are tumor markers used in medicine to help detect and monitor certain cancers.

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What are estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer?

Estrogen and progesterone receptors are proteins found in breast cancer cells. They help predict how well a patient will respond to hormonal therapy designed to target these receptors.

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What does it mean if a patient has positive estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer?

Patients with breast cancer whose tumors express these receptors (positive) are more likely to benefit from hormonal treatments that target these receptors.

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What does it mean if a patient has negative estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer?

Patients whose tumors lack these receptors (negative) will respond better to other cancer treatments.

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How do estrogen and progesterone receptors affect prognosis in breast cancer?

Higher levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors are linked to better survival outcomes in breast cancer patients.

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Why is progesterone receptor testing important in breast cancer?

Progesterone receptor testing is a helpful addition to estrogen receptor testing. It helps determine if cells can properly utilize estrogen. Patients with positive receptors for both hormones tend to respond better to hormonal therapy.

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Tumor markers and tumor size

Their levels in the blood are directly related to the size and activity of the tumor.

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Tumor markers and treatment monitoring

They help monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatments and detect any potential recurrence of the disease.

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Tumor markers and cancer specificity

A higher level of a specific marker may indicate the presence of a particular type of cancer.

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Tumor markers and short half-life

This ensures that they are a reliable indicator of tumor presence and activity.

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Study Notes

Potential Uses of Tumor Markers

  • Screening in general population
  • Differential diagnosis of symptomatic patients
  • Clinical staging of cancer
  • Estimating tumor volume
  • As a prognostic indicator for disease progression
  • Evaluating the success of treatment
  • Detecting the recurrence of cancer
  • Monitoring response to therapy
  • Localization of tumor masses

Decoding Tumor Markers

  • Hormones

    • Human Chorionic Gonadotropins: Trophoblastic tumors
    • Calcitonin: Medullary Ca Thyroid
    • Catecholamines: Pheochromocytoma

  • Lineage-specific proteins

    • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Prostate cancer
    • Immunoglobulins, particularly M-protein (monoclonal): Multiple Myeloma

  • Mucins & other glycoproteins

    • Ovarian Cancer Antigen (CA 125): Ovarian Cancer
    • CA 19-9: Colorectal & Pancreas Cancer
    • CA 15-3: Breast Cancer

  • Oncofetal antigens

    • α-fetoprotein (AFP): Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Colon, pancreas, lung, stomach, and heart

  • DNA markers (cell-free)

    • Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
    • KRAS mutations: Colon, Pancreas
    • BRAF V600E mutation: Melanoma

  • Enzymes

    • Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): Lymphoma, Germ cell tumors
    • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Liver Cancer, Bone Metastasis

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Description

This quiz explores various tumor markers associated with different cancers, including Medullary Thyroid Cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Additionally, it examines the role of tumor markers in treatment assessments and their significance in specific cancer conditions. Test your knowledge on this critical aspect of oncology!

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