Canadian History: October Crisis and Immigration

A radical separatist group formed in Quebec in the 1960s, known for violent acts like bombing the Montreal Stock Exchange and killing civilians. They aimed to create an independent Quebec.

This event involved the FLQ kidnapping two people and demanding the release of their imprisoned members. It led to the implementation of the War Measures Act, granting the Canadian government broad emergency powers.

A system of government where power is shared between a central government and regional governments like provinces or states.

A strong feeling of pride and loyalty to one's nation, often accompanied by a desire for independence or self-determination. This can sometimes lead to conflict.

A belief that countries should expand their power and territory by taking over other countries or regions, often through military conquest or colonization.

The policy of building up a strong military force, and using it as a tool for solving conflicts or defending a country. It can lead to arms races and tensions between nations.

An agreement between countries where they promise to support each other in case of war or conflict. This can escalate tensions and lead to wider conflicts.

A type of school where Indigenous children were forcibly separated from their families and communities, and forced to adopt Western culture, language, and traditions. This led to significant trauma and loss of cultural identity.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

The area between opposing trenches in World War I, filled with barbed wire and land mines, considered extremely dangerous and deadly for soldiers.

A type of warfare where soldiers fight from fortified trenches, often resulting in prolonged stalemates, heavy casualties and inhumane conditions.

The act of using poison gas as a weapon, resulting in excruciating pain and death, used by both sides in World War I.

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to cold, wet conditions in trenches, causing pain, swelling and sometimes amputation of the feet.

The main goal of a blockade during World War I was to prevent enemy ships from reaching their ports and receiving supplies.

A large, fast battleship with powerful guns, used by major navies in World War I, representing a new and powerful form of naval warfare.

German submarines, also known as "Unterseebooten", which used torpedoes to sink enemy ships during World War I.

The act of buying bonds issued by the government during wartime, allowing citizens to lend money to the government and support the war effort.

Small, inexpensive stamps sold by the government during the war, encouraging everyone to contribute financially to the war effort.

The practice of restricting the amount of certain goods, such as food and fuel, available to civilians during wartime to ensure enough resources for the military.

The act of growing one's own food, often in small gardens during wartime, to conserve food supplies for soldiers and reduce reliance on imported goods.

The use of propaganda during World War I to influence public opinion and encourage support for the war, often through posters, newspapers, films and speeches.

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including accepting blame for the war, paying reparations, and reducing its military.

The League of Nations, formed in 1920, was an international organization aimed at maintaining peace and resolving conflicts, but lacked real power and faced many challenges, eventually failing to prevent World War II.

Hitler signed a pact with Stalin to divide Poland. This averted a two-front war for Germany, but it was broken in 1941 when Hitler attacked the Soviet Union.

Canadians attacked Juno Beach in Normandy on June 6, 1944, playing a crucial role in liberating France.

The systemic persecution and murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime during WWII.

Canada's refusal to accept the MS St. Louis carrying Jewish refugees from Nazi persecution, leading to the deaths of many passengers.

The Manhattan Project created the first atomic bombs, used against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan to end WWII. This event had a profound impact on history.

The United Nations was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and security, promote cooperation, and address global issues.

A major turning point in Quebec's history, where the province experienced social, cultural, and political modernization, leading to a rise in French nationalism.

A tense, indirect conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, marked by ideological differences and military rivalry.

A military alliance formed by Western countries during the Cold War to defend against Soviet aggression.

The 1962 crisis when the US discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. The crisis ended with their removal after negotiations, but the world was brought to the brink of nuclear war.

A Canadian pilot who exposed Soviet espionage in Canada in 1945, contributing to the start of the Cold War.

The Canadian government's emergency powers implemented during the October Crisis of 1970 when the FLQ kidnapped two people. This act granted broad powers to the government, raising concerns about civil liberties.

The act of Canada adopting a new national flag in 1965 to symbolize its identity as a nation.

A period of significant population growth after WWII, leading to cultural and social changes.

A period of time in the 1920s characterized by rapid economic growth, cultural changes, and social shifts. The term reflects the sense of excitement and a break from traditional norms.

A ban on the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. It was introduced in Canada to address social problems like crime and domestic violence.

The illegal production and distribution of alcoholic beverages, particularly during periods of prohibition.

A group of five Canadian women who fought for women's rights, particularly their recognition as 'persons' under the law, allowing them to serve in the Senate.

A policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressive nation to avoid war. It was implemented by Britain and France before World War II in hopes of preventing conflict with Germany.

An agreement made in 1938 where Britain and France allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. This was seen as an attempt to satisfy Hitler's territorial ambitions, but it ultimately failed to prevent World War II

The severe economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s. It was characterized by widespread unemployment, poverty, and social unrest.

The crash of the stock market in October 1929, considered a key trigger of the Great Depression. It involved a sharp decline in stock prices, causing panic and economic collapse

Temporary shelters set up by the Canadian government during the Great Depression to provide unemployed men with work and a place to stay. Conditions were often harsh and lacked proper care.

A protest march by relief camp workers in 1935, demanding better working conditions and job opportunities. Though ultimately stopped by police, the trek raised awareness of workers' struggles during the Depression.

The leader of Canada during the early years of the Great Depression. He introduced policies like tariffs and relief programs to combat the crisis but was criticized for their effectiveness.

The leader of Canada during the late 1920s, known for his inaction during economic downturns and labor unrest, which led to criticism from Canadians who felt their struggles were ignored

A political party formed in Canada in the 1920s, advocating for lower tariffs, free trade, and nationalized railways, particularly benefiting farmers and those involved in agriculture.

A political party that arose in Ontario in the 1920s, supporting cooperative farming, rural education, and fair taxes. It aimed to represent the interests of farmers in the province.

A political party founded in Canada in the 1920s, advocating for workers' rights, social welfare, and public ownership of key industries. It aimed to represent the concerns of working-class people.