Quebec Separatism and the FLQ

A radical separatist group from Quebec in the 1960s, known for bombings and acts of violence.

A system of government where power is shared between a central government and regional governments.

Extreme pride in one's country or nation, often leading to a desire for independence.

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization and control over other territories.

The belief in building up a strong military and using it to protect or advance national interests.

The act of forcefully taking over and controlling another country or territory.

A major diplomatic agreement between countries, creating alliances and mutual commitments.

Schools that forced Indigenous children to abandon their culture and traditions.

A period from 1918 to 1920 where the sale and consumption of alcohol was banned in most Canadian provinces.

The illegal production and distribution of alcohol during the Prohibition era.

A group of five prominent Canadian women who fought for women's legal rights, particularly the right to be recognized as 'persons' under the law.

The Supreme Court of Canada's initial decision in 1927 that women were not considered 'persons' under the law, denying them the right to serve in Senate.

The successful appeal by the Famous Five to the British Privy Council in 1929, declaring women as 'persons' under Canadian law.

A style of fashion, music, and lifestyle that emerged in the 1920s, characterized by women's newfound independence, shorter hair, and bolder choices.

The economic boom experienced in many countries during the 1920s, marked by technological advancements, increased consumer spending, and a rise in living standards.

A political strategy of appeasement involves giving in to the demands of an aggressive nation in order to avoid conflict.

The agreement made in 1938 where Britain and France allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. This decision was meant to avoid conflict but ultimately failed to halt German expansion.

The event in October 1929 when stock market prices plummeted, causing widespread panic and setting off the Great Depression.

A series of government-run camps for unemployed men during the Great Depression. The men were required to work for low pay and endured harsh conditions.

A protest march by relief camp workers in 1935 that aimed to reach Ottawa and demand better conditions and employment opportunities. The protest was halted by police, but it drew attention to their struggles.

A political party founded in Canada during the 1920s to represent the interests of farmers. They advocated for lower tariffs, free trade, and nationalized railways.

A political party formed in Ontario, Canada, during the 1920s to promote cooperative farming practices, rural education, and fair taxes.

Canada's political party that advocated for workers' rights, social welfare programs, and public ownership of key industries.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. This event triggered a chain reaction of alliances and declarations of war, leading to the outbreak of World War I.

A system of alliances between European nations where countries promised to support each other in case of war. This system led to a rapid escalation of tensions, as a conflict between two countries quickly involved many others.

The process of countries building up their military forces, including armies, navies, and weapons, in preparation for war. This competition for military superiority created an atmosphere of suspicion and tension in Europe.

The desire of nations to expand their empires and acquire colonies around the world. Competition for colonies, especially in Africa, led to rivalry and conflict between European powers.

A strong sense of national identity and pride, often leading to a desire for independence or dominance over other nations. Nationalism contributed to tensions between nations and made them more susceptible to conflict.

The harsh and deadly conditions experienced by soldiers fighting in trenches during World War I. They faced constant danger from enemy fire, disease, and gas attacks.

The area of land, often heavily mined and barricaded with barbed wire, that separated opposing trenches. It was a dangerous and exposed zone, where soldiers faced a high risk of death or injury.

The Canadian government's response to the war effort, giving authorities wide-ranging powers to control aspects of Canadian life during the war.

German submarines used to attack enemy shipping during World War I. They were known for their effectiveness in sinking Allied ships.

Large, heavily-armed battleships that dominated naval warfare in the early 20th century. They were known for their speed and firepower.

The restriction or control of goods and resources during times of war or crisis. It was used to ensure that essential supplies were available for the military and civilian population.

Special bonds sold by governments to raise money for the war effort. Citizens purchased these bonds hoping to receive interest payments after the war.

Small, inexpensive stamps sold to help fund the war effort. They encouraged people to contribute financially to the war cause.

Gardens planted by people to grow food during wartime. This initiative helped reduce reliance on imported food supplies and ensure food security for the population.

Information used to influence people's opinions or encourage them to take action, often used to promote a particular cause or agenda during wartime.

The treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I. It imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including war guilt, reparations, and military restrictions.

An international organization established after World War I to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars. However, it lacked enforcement power and was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goals.

Hitler's agreement with Stalin to divide Poland and avoid fighting on two fronts, which he later broke by invading Russia.

A failed Allied raid on Dieppe, France in 1942, intended to test German defenses and gather intelligence. It resulted in heavy Canadian losses but provided valuable lessons for future operations.

Canadian measures during World War II, empowering the government to control the economy, media, and civil liberties. These measures were used to target certain ethnicities, including Japanese, Italian, and German Canadians, who were often sent to internment camps.

The forced internment of Japanese Canadians during World War II, resulting in the loss of their property and livelihood. This was based on racism and fear, despite no evidence of disloyalty.

The Manhattan Project was the secret American initiative to develop the first atomic bombs. After the project's success, the bombs were used against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, aiming to force Japan's surrender and end World War II.

The systematic murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II, driven by antisemitism and fueled by propaganda. Jews were blamed for Germany's problems and subjected to persecution, including ghettoization and extermination in concentration camps.

Canada's refusal to allow the MS St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution, to dock in 1939. This decision resulted in many fleeing Jews being returned to Europe and eventually falling victim to the Holocaust.

The period of a conflict marked by tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, fueled by ideological differences (capitalism versus communism). Nations aligned with either side, forming alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

A major conflict between communist North Korea and UN-supported South Korea, ending with a truce in 1953. The result is a divided Korea, with the two nations remaining separate.

A tense standoff in 1962, when the United States discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being deployed in Cuba. This event threatened global nuclear war, but eventually ended when both sides removed the missiles through a deal.

A crisis in 1956 when Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal. This led to a multinational military intervention, and eventually a UN peacekeeping mission was deployed under Canadian leadership, resolving the conflict.

A significant generation born after World War II, shaping schools, the workforce, and cultural trends during their formative years.

A period of political, economic, and social transformation in Quebec during the 1960s. This era brought about modernization, reduced church influence, and a renewed emphasis on French language and culture, leading to a resurgence of Quebec nationalism.

A series of referendums held in Quebec in 1980 and 1995, where voters were asked whether they desired Quebec's separation from Canada. Both referendums resulted in Quebec remaining part of Canada, although the 1995 referendum was very close.

A term referring to post-war efforts by the Canadian government to acknowledge and address past injustices, including apologies for residential schools, recognition of Japanese internment during WWII, and legalization of same-sex marriage.