Quebec Separatism and the FLQ

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Questions and Answers

What were the long-term causes of World War I?

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

What was the immediate trigger for World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

What were some of the restrictions imposed on Canadians under the War Measures Act?

Censorship, arrest and detention without trial, economic control, suspension of civil liberties, and conscription.

Describe the conditions of trench warfare.

Soldiers faced boredom, terror, random attacks, lack of sleep, disease, and trench foot. Signup and view all the answers

What was 'no man's land' in the context of World War I?

The dangerous, empty area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and landmines. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main challenges faced by soldiers engaging in trench warfare?

Diseases, gas attacks, no-man's land, rats, trench foot, and machine guns. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of U-boats in World War I.

German submarines that used torpedoes to sink enemy ships. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Vimy Ridge battle for Canada?

It was a major victory for Canadian troops, earning national pride and recognition for their bravery. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the home front contributed to the war effort.

Victory bonds, victory stamps, war gardens, and rationing. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main purposes of wartime propaganda?

Encourage military enlistment, support war efforts, build national pride, and spread fear of the enemy. Signup and view all the answers

How did women's roles change during World War I?

They took on jobs typically held by men, working in factories, offices, and as nurses. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Conscription Crisis in Canada, and what were its consequences?

Protests erupted over the government's decision to make military service mandatory, particularly in Quebec. It deepened divisions within the country but ultimately led to the enforcement of conscription. Signup and view all the answers

What were the key terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany took full blame for the war, paid reparations, and its military was significantly reduced. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the United States stay neutral in the war until 1917?

They initially wanted to avoid getting involved in a European conflict. However, they joined after Germany attacked American ships and sent a secret message to Mexico. Signup and view all the answers

What were the goals of the League of Nations?

To maintain world peace, promote disarmament, and peacefully resolve international conflicts. Signup and view all the answers

What crucial event occurred in 1941, marking a major shift in the course of World War II and ending the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

Hitler invaded Russia. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Dieppe Raid, despite its tragic outcome?

To gather intelligence and test German defenses. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key action taken by the Canadian government during World War II, impacting both the economy and individual freedoms?

The War Measures Act was implemented. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue that sparked the Conscription Crisis during World War II in Canada?

The issue of compulsory military service. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant role played by Canadian forces on D-Day, June 6, 1944?

They attacked Juno Beach in Normandy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the devastating consequence of the Holocaust?

The murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazis. Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the MS St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees, when it arrived in Canada in 1939?

It was turned back, and many of its passengers were sent back to Europe, ultimately facing the Holocaust. Signup and view all the answers

What was the major injustice faced by Japanese Canadians during World War II?

They were forcibly relocated to internment camps and lost their property. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Manhattan Project?

To develop the first atomic bombs. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Germany after World War II, leading to the country being divided?

It was split into East Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union, and West Germany, controlled by the Allies. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of creating the United Nations (UN) in 1945?

To maintain international peace and promote cooperation among nations. Signup and view all the answers

From a political perspective, what was one of the key impacts of World War II on Canada?

It contributed to Canada's growing independence and international stature. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant social change that occurred in Canada during the postwar era?

The increase in women's participation in the workforce. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the creation of residential schools for Indigenous children in Canada?

To assimilate Indigenous children into European culture and forcibly remove them from their traditional ways of life. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key issue that sparked the Oka Crisis in 1990?

A dispute over the proposed expansion of a golf course on Indigenous land. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main actions taken by the FLQ during the October Crisis?

The FLQ placed bombs in mailboxes, bombed the Montreal Stock Exchange, and kidnapped individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'separatism' refer to in the context of Quebec?

Separatism refers to the movement for Quebec to separate from Canada and prioritize French-speaking citizens over English speakers. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of federalism.

Federalism is a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and regional governments. Signup and view all the answers

How did imperialism contribute to global conflicts in the early 20th century?

Imperialism led countries to compete for colonies, resulting in tensions and conflicts over territory. Signup and view all the answers

What role did militarism play in the lead-up to World War I?

Militarism involved nations building up their armed forces, which created an environment of suspicion and competition. Signup and view all the answers

What were some problems faced by immigrants to Canada from 1900 to 1914?

Immigrants encountered harsh weather, poor housing conditions, and language barriers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of residential schools for Indigenous children in Canada?

Residential schools aimed to assimilate Indigenous children into Western culture by removing them from their families. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the alliance system leading to World War I.

The alliance system included the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Allied Powers (France, Russia, UK). Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary reasons for the introduction of prohibition in Canada?

Prohibition was introduced to reduce alcohol consumption, improve public health, and address social problems like crime and domestic violence. Signup and view all the answers

How long did prohibition last in Canada and what factors influenced its duration?

Prohibition lasted from 1918 to 1920 in most provinces, though some extended it longer due to ongoing social pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the success of prohibition based on its outcomes?

Prohibition was largely seen as a failure because it did not stop drinking and instead led to illegal alcohol production and smuggling. Signup and view all the answers

What were the major social changes for women in the 1920s?

Women gained the right to vote, pursued education, entered the workforce, and embraced more independent lifestyles exemplified by the flapper culture. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Famous Five and what was their contribution to women's rights in Canada?

The Famous Five were Canadian women who fought for women's personhood under the law, culminating in a landmark ruling in 1929 that recognized women as 'persons'. Signup and view all the answers

What cultural activities characterized Canadian entertainment during the Roaring Twenties?

Popular forms of entertainment included partying, silent films, radio shows, sports, music like jazz, outdoor activities, live theatre, and reading. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the decade known as the Roaring Twenties?

It is called the Roaring Twenties due to rapid social changes, economic prosperity, cultural explosions, and a rebellion against traditional norms. Signup and view all the answers

Name two Prime Ministers who served in Canada during the 1920s and describe one challenge faced by one of them.

Arthur Meighen and William Lyon Mackenzie King served during the 1920s; King faced criticism for his inaction during economic downturns. Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary causes of the Great Depression in Canada?

The primary causes included the stock market crash in 1929, overproduction of goods, falling exports, and drought conditions impacting the Prairies. Signup and view all the answers

How did the stock market crash of 1929 contribute to the Great Depression?

The crash caused panic selling, widespread bank failures, business closures, and loss of savings, triggering economic collapse. Signup and view all the answers

What role did relief camps play during the Great Depression in Canada?

Relief camps were established for unemployed men to perform manual labor in harsh conditions for low pay, highlighting their struggles. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the On-to-Ottawa Trek and what was its outcome?

The On-to-Ottawa Trek aimed to protest poor conditions in relief camps, but it ended with police intervention and did not achieve its goals. Signup and view all the answers

What was appeasement before World War II, and why did countries like Britain and France use it?

Appeasement involved conceding to an aggressive nation's demands to avoid conflict, used by Britain and France to try to maintain peace after WWI. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Munich Agreement, and what did it signify in the context of appeasement?

The Munich Agreement allowed Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia to avoid war, ultimately demonstrating the failures of appeasement as Hitler continued to expand. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

FLQ (Front de Libération du Québec)

Radical separatist group in Quebec during the 1960s.
Used bombings, including the Montreal Stock Exchange (injuring 27) and attacks on the mayor of Montreal.
By 1970, the FLQ had killed 6 people.

October Crisis

The Canadian government kidnapped two FLQ members—holding them as political hostages.
One of the kidnapped members was later murdered.

War Measures Act

Allowed for the arrest of anyone suspected of FLQ involvement without trial.

Separatism (Sepertizum)

Quebec separatist movement aiming to establish political independence from Canada.

Federalism

System of government dividing power between a central government (federal) and regional governments (provinces/states).

Nationalism

Strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's country.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation's rule over other territories or countries.
Often motivated by desire for resources, economic control, or territorial expansion.

Militarism

Belief in maintaining a strong military and using it to achieve national goals.

Triple Alliance/Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to a global conflict.

Canada (1900-1914)

Early challenges for immigrants included harsh conditions, poor housing and language barriers.
Attractions included land, jobs, and economic opportunities.
Indigenous residential schools were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Western culture.
These schools resulted in the loss of language, culture, and profound trauma.

World War I

Short-term cause: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Long-term causes include militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
War Measures Act allowed for extensive government control in Canada, including censorship, arrests, and economic control.
Significant battles include Ypres, Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Passchendaele.
Trench warfare: Conditions were extremely harsh with brutal fighting.
Sea battle included U-boats (German submarines), dreadnoughts (battleships), and blockades.
Home front efforts included victory bonds, victory stamps, war gardens, and rationing.
Propaganda was used to influence public opinion for the war by newspapers, films, and posters.

Women's Role in WWI

Before WWI, women had limited opportunities but expanded during the war, taking on roles in factories, offices, and nursing.
These wartime roles led to increased involvement and subsequent rights after the war.

Conscription Crisis

Mandatory military service faced significant opposition, particularly in Quebec. This raised tensions.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI and imposed severe consequences on Germany, including blame for the war, reparations, and military restrictions.

US Entrance into WWI

Initially neutral, the USA entered following German attacks on American ships and a secret message to Mexico.
US entrance was significant in providing fresh troops and resources.

League of Nations

Established in 1920 to maintain peace and international cooperation.
Failed due to lack of power and absence of major countries.

WWI's Impact on Canada

Increased Canada's global status and independence.

Roaring Twenties

Economic boom following WWI.
Social changes (including women's rights).
Cultural explosion (jazz music, flappers).
Technological advancements (cars, radio, movies).
New political parties emerged.
Significant figures included Arthur Meighen and William Lyon Mackenzie King.

Famous Five

Canadian women who successfully lobbied for women to be recognized as "persons" under the law and gained Senate representation rights.

The Great Depression

Causes included stock market crash, overproduction, falling exports, and drought.
Hardest-hit areas were the Prairies and industrial centers.
Key figure: R.B. Bennett.
Relief camps provided minimal support for unemployed men.
The On-to-Ottawa Trek highlighted the struggles of workers amidst the Depression.

WWII

Causes included appeasement and aggressive expansion by the Nazis.
Hitler gained support through promises, blame, and propaganda.
A peace treaty with Russia was signed (later broken by Nazi invasion).
Canada's role included Dieppe Raids, D-Day, and other crucial battles.
Home front efforts helped support the war.
The War Measures Act was used to control the population but targeted minority groups.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of over 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany.

Post-WWII

Indigenous peoples faced ongoing assimilation and violation of rights.
Significant social changes included the rise of teenage culture, hippies, and Rock and Roll.
The Cold War, Korea War, and Cuban Missile Crisis shaped international relations..
Key figures include Gouzenko, Pearson, and Trudeau. The Constitution Act (1982) significantly strengthened Canada's independence.
Conflict over Quebec's independence occurred in referendums..
Apologies were later made internationally for past injustices.

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Description

Explore the radical separatist group FLQ and its impact during the 1960s in Quebec. Learn about significant events like the October Crisis and the government's response through the War Measures Act. Understand the broader concepts of separatism, federalism, nationalism, and imperialism in the context of Canadian history.