Campylobacter Characteristics and Pathogenesis
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Questions and Answers

What is essential for the collection of cervical mucus and preputial secretions for culture?

  • Specimens should be refrigerated immediately.
  • Specimens should be fresh. (correct)
  • Specimens should be collected at night.
  • Specimens should be dry.

    • What is the primary host for Campylobacter jejuni?

  • Cattle and sheep
  • Birds and poultry (correct)
  • Humans
  • Dogs and cats

    • Which method can help recover Campylobacter bacteria from clinical specimens?

  • Incubating specimens in light.
  • Using a 0.65-pm membrane filter. (correct)
  • Cooling the samples to below freezing.
  • Using high-pressure methods.

    • Which factor is associated with the invasiveness of Campylobacter jejuni?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy can presumptively demonstrate Campylobacter fetus in fetal stomach contents?

    <p>Phase or dark-field microscopy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common opportunistic infection caused by Campylobacter species in humans?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni?

    <p>Increases intracellular levels of cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under optimal conditions, what temperature is recommended for incubating blood agar plates to recover Campylobacter?

    <p>37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Campylobacter is frequently implicated in human infections?

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Campylobacter species is primarily associated with mastitis in cows?

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is used to detect Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in semen?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by Campylobacter jejuni in chickens and turkeys?

    <p>Avian infectious hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni tend to be more severe in which group of animals?

    <p>Young animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections can Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus cause?

    <p>Bacteremia and septic abortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to identify isolates of Campylobacter spp. based on genetic material?

    <p>16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Campylobacter coli from other Campylobacter species?

    <p>It produces a heat-labile enterotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic shape do CAMPYLOBACTER bacteria have?

    <p>S-shaped and spirally curved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subspecies of Campylobacter fetus is primarily associated with bovine genital campylobacteriosis?

    <p>C.fetus subsp. venerealis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus primarily spread in cattle?

    <p>Via ingestion and fomites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of infection with Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in cattle?

    <p>Infertility and metritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the placenta in cases of Campylobacter fetus infection?

    <p>It is usually hemorrhagic and edematous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the high-molecular weight surface protein capsule play in Campylobacter fetus?

    <p>Contributes to virulence and serum resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common outcome occurs in sheep with Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus infection towards the end of pregnancy?

    <p>Frequent instances of stillbirths and abortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the strains of Campylobacter fetus?

    <p>Presence of two subspecies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation temperature for Campylobacter upsaliensis?

    <p>42°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned as a special measure to reduce contaminants for Campylobacter diagnosis?

    <p>Molecular sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is most frequently associated with gastroenteritis in humans?

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature is used for definitive identification of Campylobacter species?

    <p>16S rRNA gene sequences and biochemical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test is commercially available for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni?

    <p>Latex agglutination test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Helicobacter organisms?

    <p>Microaerophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sources is NOT a known risk factor for Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Raw vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated carrier rate of Helicobacter pylori in humans?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ulcers is Helicobacter pylori primarily associated with?

    <p>Gastric ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical methods of transmission for Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>Fecal/oral and oral/oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is NOT attributed to Helicobacter infections in dogs and cats?

    <p>Chronic cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ammonia and carbon dioxide produced by Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>They contribute to its survival by raising the pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medium is used for the isolation of Helicobacter species?

    <p>Chocolate agar with antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Helicobacter is responsible for gastric disease in cats?

    <p>Helicobacter felis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy can be used to examine scrappings from the gastric mucosa for Helicobacter?

    <p>Phase microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the presence of long, wavy filaments in some cultures of Campylobacter?

    <p>Positive microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy can be used to identify Campylobacter fetus in fetal stomach contents?

    <p>Fluorescence microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can Campylobacter spp. survive in temporarily outside their host?

    <p>Moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agar is recommended for optimal recovery of Campylobacter cultures?

    <p>Blood agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the identification procedure used for Campylobacter spp. involving genetic material?

    <p>PCR procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical conditions can be induced by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus?

    <p>Septic arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common human infection associated with Campylobacter coli?

    <p>Bacteremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used to reduce contamination during the culture of Campylobacter?

    <p>Increase in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of infection for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

    <p>Venereal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of infection with Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in cattle?

    <p>Sporadic abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of Campylobacter fetus increases its virulence?

    <p>High-molecular weight surface protein capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the animal's body can Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus be found?

    <p>Intestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the placenta in cases of Campylobacter fetus infection?

    <p>It becomes hemorrhagic and edematous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Campylobacter classified as?

    <p>Microaerophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for newborns infected with Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis?

    <p>They only survive a few hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary characteristics of Campylobacter bacteria?

    <p>S-shaped and spirally curved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Campylobacter species is primarily associated with gastrointestinal infections in humans?

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common opportunistic infection associated with Campylobacter species in humans?

    <p>Endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal species can Campylobacter jejuni cause severe infections, particularly in younger individuals?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical outcome is commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni in dogs and cats?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Campylobacter species is rarely pathogenic and typically commensal in poultry and swine?

    <p>Campylobacter coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxin does Campylobacter coli produce?

    <p>Heat-labile enterotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni activate in host cells?

    <p>Adenylate cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation temperature recommended for Campylobacter upsaliensis?

    <p>42°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used to reduce contaminants in the diagnosis of Campylobacter?

    <p>Acidic pH adjustment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Watery diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy is used to demonstrate Campylobacter jejuni morphology and motility?

    <p>Phase microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is commonly known as the most frequent pathogen associated with gastroenteritis in humans?

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics that distinguishes Helicobacter species from Campylobacter?

    <p>Presence of sheathed flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of species-specific DNA probes in diagnostic laboratories?

    <p>To identify Campylobacter in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for the serodiagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route of transmission for Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>Fecal/oral contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with Helicobacter infections in dogs and cats?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medium is typically used for isolating Helicobacter species?

    <p>Chocolate agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best defines Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>Microaerophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence is particularly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection?

    <p>Gastric ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated carrier rate of Helicobacter pylori in humans?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can help in the identification of Helicobacter species in gastric biopsies?

    <p>Phase contrast microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the survival of Helicobacter in the stomach environment?

    <p>Breakdown of urea producing ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Campylobacter

    • Characteristics: S-shaped, spiral-curved, gram-negative, motile with polar flagella, microaerophilic.
    • Campylobacter fetus:
      • Two subspecies: fetus and venerealis.
      • Both subspecies possess a surface protein capsule, which is key for virulence.
      • venerealis: Found in the genital tract of cattle and causes bovine genital campylobacteriosis, venereally transmitted.
      • fetus: Found in the intestines of cattle and sheep, ingested by animals.
    • Campylobacter jejuni: Common commensal in intestines of various animals.
      • Causes diarrhea and enterocolitis in various animals, more severe in younger animals.
      • Virulence factors: adhesin, endotoxin, cytotoxin, enterotoxin.
      • Pathogenesis: Invasivness due to flagella and adhesin, survival in phagosomes, enterotoxin induces fluid loss in intestines, leading to diarrhea, cytotoxin causes tissue destruction.
    • Public Health Significance of Campylobacter:
      • C. fetus subsp. fetus: Infrequently causes human infections (bacteremia, arthritis, endocarditis, etc.)
      • Opportunistic pathogens: Several other species of Campylobacter can occasionally infect humans, causing wound infections, diarrhea, proctitis, etc.
      • C. jejuni: Most frequent pathogen in human gastroenteritis, transmitted by contaminated food, water, and animal feces.

    Helicobacter

    • Characteristics: Gram-negative, spiral and curved, motile with multiple flagella, microaerophilic.
    • Helicobacter pylori: Most common species in humans, carried in stomach of many animals.
      • Mechanism It lives beneath the stomach's mucus layer.
      • Pathology: It breaks down urea, raising the pH, contributing to its survival and causing gastritis, ulcers, and potentially gastric cancer.
    • Other Helicobacter species: Can cause gastritis in dogs and cats.
    • Helicobacter pylori transmission: Main routes are fecal-oral and oral-oral.
      • Pathogenicity in animals: Causes gastritis, ulcers, and potentially gastric adenocarcinoma in humans.
      • Clinical signs in dogs and cats: Vomiting, regurgitation, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and poor condition.
    • Diagnosis of helicobacter:
      • Isolation is complex.
      • Identification relies on demonstration of helical organisms and gastritis.
      • Urease is supportive, and scrapings of the gastric mucosa are examined microscopically for motile, helical-shaped organisms.

    Campylobacter

    • Characteristics: S-shaped, spirally curved, gram-negative, pleomorphic rods. Motile by a single polar flagellum at one or both ends. Microaerophilic (3%-5% CO2), aerobic or anaerobic, and oxidase-positive.
    • Species: Eighteen species are recognized, but only two are pathogenic to animals: Campylobacter fetus (with two subspecies) and Campylobacter jejuni.
    • Nonpathogenic Species: Generally nonpathogenic Campylobacter spp are found on the mucous membrane of the genital and intestinal tracts.
    • C. fetus subsp. fetus: Occurs in the intestines of cattle and sheep, and the genital tract of infected sheep and cattle. The mode of infection is ingestion, directly or via fomites.
    • C. fetus subsp. fetus: Infection After ingestion there is hematogenous spread with infection of the uterine mucosa. Can cause abortion in cattle (sporadic) and sheep (multiple).
    • C. fetus subsp. venerealis: Causes bovine genital campylobacteriosis. The organism can be found in the preputial cavity of the asymptomatic bull and the genital tracts of cows and heifers.
    • C. fetus subsp. venerealis: Infection The mode of infection is venereal, organisms are present in the semen of infected bulls.

    Campylobacter – Public Health Significance

    • C. fetus subsp. fetus causes infrequent human infections.
    • Infections include: bacteremia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, septic abortions, peritonitis, salpingitis, meningitis, and thrombophlebitis.
    • People with underlying diseases, such as HIV infection, are particularly susceptible.

    Campylobacter – Other Species

    • C. coli: Pigs and poultry; human infections.
    • C. concisus: Human infections.
    • C. helveticus: Dogs and cats.
    • C. hyloileri: Pigs.
    • C. jejuni subsp. doylei: Human infections.
    • C. lari: Gulls and other avian species, dogs, and cats.
    • C. upsaliensis: Dogs; human infections.
    • C. sputorum bivar bubulus: Cattle and sheep; human infections.
    • C. sputorum bivar fecalis: Cattle and sheep; intestinal and genital tracts.
    • C. sputorum bivar sputorum: Cattle and sheep; genital tract.
    • The human infections above are opportunistic and include wound infections, diarrhea, proctitis, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, abscesses, and periodontal disease.

    Campylobacter jejuni

    • Occurs frequently as a commensal in the intestinal tract of many species of domestic and wild animals.
    • C. jejuni causes infections characterized by diarrhea and enterocolitis in dogs, cats, sheep, goats, calves, laboratory animals, mink, ferrets, and other animals.
    • C. jejuni can also cause abortion in bitches, ewes, and cows. It causes mastitis in cows.
    • C. jejuni is the cause of avian infectious hepatitis of chickens and turkeys.

    Campylobacter coli

    • Occurs as a commensal in the intestinal tract of poultry and swine.
    • It produces a heat-labile enterotoxin.
    • It is rarely pathogenic and is easily confused with C. jejuni.

    Campylobacter upsaliensis

    • Has been recovered from feces of both healthy and diarrheic dogs and cats.
    • Has been recovered from feces of healthy children.
    • C. upsaliensis causes infrequent foodborne diarrheic infections.

    Helicobacter

    • Resembles campylobacter and were previously classified in the genus Campylobacter.
    • Gram-negative, spiral and curved, motile (several sheathed flagella) and microaerophilic.
    • At least 19 species of Helicobacter have been named.
    • All occur in the stomach or intestine of animals and humans worldwide.
    • Helicobacter spp. are carried in the stomach or intestine of many animals without causing apparent disease.
    • The carrier rate of Helicobacter pylori for humans is 50%.

    Helicobacter – Pathogenicity

    • H. pylori causes chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and duodenal ulcer disease in humans.
    • Gastric ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma are epidemiologically associated with H. pylori.
    • H. pylori has the potential to cause similar disease in cats.
    • Other Helicobacter species implicated in gastric disease in humans include: H. canis, H. felis, H. rappini, H. bills, and H. heilmannii ( H. bizzozeronii).
    • These other species can cause gastritis and serious diseases in dogs and cats.
    • The clinical signs attributed to Helicobacter infections in dogs and cats are: vomiting, regurgitation, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and poor condition.

    Helicobacter – Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Scrapings of the gastric mucosa are examined under phase microscopy for motile, helical-shaped organisms.
    • Electron microscopy may be used to evaluate preparations.
    • The isolation and identification of Helicobacter species are complex and are not attempted in most veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
    • Skirrow's medium and chocolate agar with the addition of antibiotics are used for isolation.
    • Incubation for up to a week may be required for appreciable growth.

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    Campylobacter and Helicobacter Presentation PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the characteristics, virulence factors, and public health significance of Campylobacter species, particularly focusing on C. fetus and C. jejuni. Test your knowledge on their pathogenic mechanisms and the role they play in animal and human health.

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