Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which group is at the highest risk for infection?
Which group is at the highest risk for infection?
What is the definitive method for diagnosing this infection?
What is the definitive method for diagnosing this infection?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the infection described?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the infection described?
What is a potential serious complication of this infection?
What is a potential serious complication of this infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is recommended for severe cases of the infection?
Which treatment is recommended for severe cases of the infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis when stained under a microscope?
What is a common characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis when stained under a microscope?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with a meningococcal meningitis infection?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with a meningococcal meningitis infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended treatment for gonorrhea?
What is the recommended treatment for gonorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about Neisseria gonorrhea is true?
Which of the following statements about Neisseria gonorrhea is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is commonly associated with salmonella infection in vulnerable populations?
What condition is commonly associated with salmonella infection in vulnerable populations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is NOT a method for diagnosing a Salmonella infection?
Which is NOT a method for diagnosing a Salmonella infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period for typhoid fever?
What is the incubation period for typhoid fever?
Signup and view all the answers
In which region of the body is Neisseria meningitidis commonly colonized?
In which region of the body is Neisseria meningitidis commonly colonized?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment approach for EHEC infections?
What is the primary treatment approach for EHEC infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory findings are characteristic of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Which laboratory findings are characteristic of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with EHEC infection?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with EHEC infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What organism is most commonly associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
What organism is most commonly associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic finding typically distinguishes acute renal failure from Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Which diagnostic finding typically distinguishes acute renal failure from Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of culture is used for diagnosing EHEC?
What type of culture is used for diagnosing EHEC?
Signup and view all the answers
How is Shigella primarily transmitted?
How is Shigella primarily transmitted?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a complication of EHEC infection?
Which of the following is a complication of EHEC infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the clinical features observed during the catarrhal phase of an infection?
What are the clinical features observed during the catarrhal phase of an infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory finding is commonly associated with a diagnosis of pertussis?
Which laboratory finding is commonly associated with a diagnosis of pertussis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended first-line treatment for chlamydia infections?
What is the recommended first-line treatment for chlamydia infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following bacterial species is NOT associated with causing pertussis?
Which of the following bacterial species is NOT associated with causing pertussis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential sequela of chlamydia infection?
What is a potential sequela of chlamydia infection?
Signup and view all the answers
How is pertussis primarily diagnosed in a clinical setting?
How is pertussis primarily diagnosed in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
In which phase do choking fits with high-pitched whooping sounds typically occur during pertussis infection?
In which phase do choking fits with high-pitched whooping sounds typically occur during pertussis infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about the morphology of B. pertussis?
Which of the following is true about the morphology of B. pertussis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organism is most commonly associated with Shigellosis in the United States?
Which organism is most commonly associated with Shigellosis in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a key risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) infection?
Which of the following is a key risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What transmission method is primarily responsible for the spread of tuberculosis?
What transmission method is primarily responsible for the spread of tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is linked to Shigella flexneri commonly found in developing countries?
Which condition is linked to Shigella flexneri commonly found in developing countries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common clinical manifestation of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organisms clinically mimics the symptoms of Shigella infection?
Which of the following organisms clinically mimics the symptoms of Shigella infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential occupational risk factor for contracting Mycobacterium marinum?
What is a potential occupational risk factor for contracting Mycobacterium marinum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant clinical symptom of epiglottitis?
What is a significant clinical symptom of epiglottitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a treatment option for epiglottitis?
Which of the following is a treatment option for epiglottitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is true about Moraxella catarrhalis?
Which characteristic is true about Moraxella catarrhalis?
Signup and view all the answers
What complication can arise from untreated otitis media caused by Moraxella catarrhalis?
What complication can arise from untreated otitis media caused by Moraxella catarrhalis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is true about the morphology of Neisseria species?
Which is true about the morphology of Neisseria species?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a possible sequela following meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
What is a possible sequela following meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the role of the capsule of Haemophilus species?
Which of the following best describes the role of the capsule of Haemophilus species?
Signup and view all the answers
How are opportunistic infections more likely to occur in COPD patients?
How are opportunistic infections more likely to occur in COPD patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Campylobacter-Reed
- Campylobacter enteritis is typically caused by C. jejuni or C. coli.
- Causes fever, severe abdominal pain, and diarrhea (watery or bloody stools).
- Fever usually resolves within 2 days, but diarrhea and abdominal pain can last 4-6 days.
- Diagnosis involves stool or blood cultures, showing gram-negative, curved rods
- Commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, including household pets (cats, dogs, and birds).
- Can be present in virtually all parts of the body, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
- The disease is self-limiting and treatment can be shortened by 1 day with antibiotics like azithromycin (single 1g dose or 500mg daily for 3 days).
- Potential sequelae include Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, grave's disease, and other potentially fatal conditions like primary bacteremia, endocarditis.
Bordetella Pertussis
- The organism's most important virulence factor is pertussis toxin.
- Toxin ADP-ribosylates a guanine nucleotide, affects the circulation of lymphocytes, and serves as an adhesin
- Risk: High risk in children under 2 years of age
- Has 3 phases: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent, which have specific symptoms/timeframes.
- Diagnosis: Clinical presentation and nasopharyngeal secretion culture or PCR.
- Treatment options: supportive care as needed and macrolide (azithromycin PO × 5 days)
- Other Treatment: if contraindicated, TMP-SMX can be used.
- Potential sequelae: pneumonia, and failure to thrive, in severe cases.
Chlamydia Trachomatis
- STD that causes lesions of the genitalia.
- Four main serotypes cause infections, two with significant systemic manifestation and two that cause eye infections (conjunctivitis).
- Diagnosed with urine culture or cervical swab and NAAT test of the sample.
- Treatment options: azithromycin or doxycycline
- Complications include Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy in some cases.
- Other complications: epididymitis, and potentially urethritis
Haemophilus Influenzae
- Gram-negative coccobacillus that enter the respiratory tract.
- Facultative anaerobe.
- Encapsulated, which allows resistance to phagocytosis.
- Mostly affects the nose, throat, and respiratory system.
- Treatment: Antibiotics (Bactrim if a beta-lactamase is produced, first-generation cephalosporins for skin infections, and ampicillin/Rocephin IV for epiglottitis)
- Potential sequelae: Epiglottitis, and breathing failure are particularly serious.
- Other conditions include aegyptus which causes conjunctivitis, and ducreyi that causes painful genital chancre.
Moraxella Catarrhalis
- Gram-negative, aerobic diplococcus.
- Very similar to Neisseria.
- Primarily colonizes the respiratory tract in healthy adults
- Symptoms: sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia
- Treatment: Beta-lactamase antibiotics, such as Augmentin or Unasyn (amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium).
- Potential sequelae: mastoiditis
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Colonizes the mucosal surfaces of the genital tract.
- Diagnosis:
- Male: urine test
- Female: cervical swab.
- Symptoms: milky white discharge, burning during urination
- Treatment: First-line treatment: ceftriaxone IM injection (500mg).
- Other potential sequelae: Meningitis and other complications (e.g severe, immunocompromised)
Neisseria Meningitidis
- Found in the nasopharyngeal region (3-25% of individuals are colonized).
- Transmitted through epithelium to the submucosa and then the bloodstream.
- Commonly causes infections of the meninges resulting in meningitis.
- Symptoms: fever, headache, stiff neck; disseminated intravascular coagulation may result in skin rash (purpura) in more severe cases.
- Treatment: IV ceftriaxone 2g every 12 hours.
Salmonella
- One of the most common causes of diarrhea.
- Symptoms develop 12–36 hours after infection.
- Gram negative, motile rod, peritrichous flagella, non-spore forming, and facultative aerobe
- Common symptoms: diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
- Treatment: ciprofloxacin for severe illness.
Borrelia Burgdorferi
- Transmitted via ixodides (deer tick bite).
- Early localized infection (EM) is characterized by erythema migrans, which is a characteristic skin rash (7-10 days after).
- Early disseminated (days to weeks later) involves the joint, cardiac (pericarditis, arrhythmia, heart block), and musculoskeletal symptoms.
- Late persistent infection includes arthritis, chronic neurological problems (e.g., encephalopathy), and other systems.
- Diagnosis: Primarily based on clinical presentation and lab investigation (e.g., ELISA)
Staphylococcus Aureus
- Common skin and soft tissue infections: impetigo, abscesses, TSST-1, pneumonia, osteomyelitis
- Risk factors: Immunocompromised patients, broken skin, or cuts
- Diagnosis: Wound or blood cultures
- Treatment: Antibiotics 4-6 weeks of IV antibiotics, and removal of medical implants in severe cases.
- Potential complications: osteomyelitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and toxic shock syndrome.
Streptococcus
- Gram positive, arrangement- in pairs or chains
- Mostly facultative anaerobes.
- Common infections- pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis.
- The most serious potential complication of strep throat is acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
- Other conditions: puerperal fever, bacterial endocarditis, and pneumonia.
Bacillus Anthracis
- Three types (cutaneous, pulmonary, GI tract)
- Cutaneous: Spores enter through skin breaks causing an ulcer with black eschar.
- Pulmonary (Inhalation): spores inhaled leading to lung and mediastinal infections
- Diagnosis: clinical presentation (e.g. ulcers, lymph node swelling, chest pain) and laboratory tests
- Treatment: antibiotics needed immediately (e.g., ciprofloxacin, doxycycline).
Escherichia Coli
- Many forms with varying symptoms and treatments
- EIEC: causes bloody diarrhea.
- ETEC: most common cause of traveler's diarrhea. Bloody diarrhea
- EPEC: causes watery diarrhea in infants/young children.
- EHEC or STEC: associated with diarrhea (possibly bloody) and can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Shigella
- Caused by infection with Shigella species.
- Disease: transmitted by ingestion of Shigella via contaminated hands, food, and water
- Can cause dysentery (bloody diarrhea) in severe cases, often in children
- Treatment: Primarily supportive care (hydration, rest). Ciprofloxacin or azithromycin for severe conditions, Anti-motility drugs avoided
Mycobacterium
- Leading cause of death from infectious agent worldwide
- Two main forms: TB, MAC
- Transmission: inhalation of aerosolized droplets
- Treatment: multi-drug regimen for months; for TB, four drugs (RIPE); MAC typically involves different antibiotics
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the characteristics and effects of Campylobacter and Bordetella pertussis in this quiz. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis, and potential complications associated with these pathogens. Test your knowledge on their virulence factors and treatments available for infections.
