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Questions and Answers
What is the oxidation state of alkaline earth metals in Group IIA?
Which alkaline earth metal compound is known to produce a strongly basic solution when reacting with water?
Which of the following heavy metals is noted for its serious toxicity and is not used therapeutically?
What is a common therapeutic use for compounds containing gold?
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Which strontium compound is recognized for its medicinal application?
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Which radioactive element is used in medical treatments for malignancies?
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An antidote for gold dermatitis is known as?
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Which statement is true regarding the solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates in water?
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Which of the following is a primary use of Calcium carbonate?
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What is the primary function of strontium chloride in dental care products?
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Which compound of barium is known to be a radiopaque agent used in diagnostic imaging?
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What condition is caused by barium toxicity?
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Which element, discovered by Marie Curie, is used for cancer treatment?
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What common property do members of Group IIB elements generally share?
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Calcium hydroxide is commonly used for which of the following?
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Which Zinc compound is popularly used in the construction and automotive industries for its protective properties?
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What is one of the uses of sublimed sulfur?
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What effect does selenium have when absorbed in large doses?
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How is rhombic sulfur described at room temperature?
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Which compound is specifically used for treating seborrheic dermatitis?
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What is the primary role of sulfurated potash solution in dermatological applications?
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What is an important characteristic of selenium sulfide when applied?
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Which form of sulfur is specifically used as a scabicide?
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What defines the action of 3% H2O2 as a germicide?
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Study Notes
Calcium
- Calcium is a vital element for the body.
- Functions include blood coagulation, muscular contraction, neurotransmitter release, and bone/teeth mineralization.
- Calcium deficiency leads to various conditions, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, and hypocalcemia.
Important Calcium Compounds
- Calcium bromide (CaBr2): Used as a sedative/depressant.
- Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): Known as precipitated chalk or prepared chalk. Used as an antacid and an ingredient in toothpastes and dentifrices.
- Calcium chloride (CaCl2): Also known as Muriate of lime. Used as a calcium replenisher.
- Calcium Gluconate: Employed as a calcium supplement and replenisher. Preferred treatment for hypocalcemia due to its lower irritating properties compared to CaCl2.
- Calcium hypochlorite (CaClO): Known as Chlorinated lime or chloride of lime. Used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent.
- Calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] : Called Bone ash. Used as a source of calcium and phosphorus.
- Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] : Also known as Slaked lime, hydrated lime, or milk of lime. Used as an antacid and saponifying agent.
- Calcium oxide (CaO) : Known as lime, quicklime, or calx. Used as a component of Bordeaux mixture (algicide/fungicide) and as an insecticide.
- Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): Known as Plaster of Paris (hemihydrate) and gypsum (dihydrate). Used as a rodenticide, component in surgical casts, and dental impressions.
Strontium
- Seldom used therapeutically.
- Utilized in the manufacture of flares.
- Strontium chloride [SrCl2] : Employed as a desensitizing agent, commonly found in Sensodyne® toothpaste.
Barium
- Most active element in Group IIA.
- Also known as 'Heavy'.
- Its cation is stable.
- All soluble barium compounds are poisonous, resulting in Baritosis toxicity.
- Epsom salt serves as an antidote for barium poisoning.
Important Barium Compounds
- Barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2] : Used as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
- Barium sulfate [BaSO4] : Radiopaque agent employed as a contrast medium in diagnostic procedures, particularly for gastrointestinal imaging.
Radium
- Discovered by Marie Curie.
- A radioactive element used in cancer chemotherapy and diagnostic procedures.
Group IIB Elements: Volatile Metals
- This group consists of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg).
- Characterized by low boiling points, hence their classification as volatile metals.
- Common oxidation state is +2.
Important Group IIB Compounds:
- Silver iodide (AgI) : Poisonous and germicidal.
-
Ag proteinate:
- Mild Ag proteinate (Argyrol): Used as an antiseptic for the eye (10 - 23/25% Ag).
- Strong Ag proteinate (Protargol): Employed as a strong germicide for ears and throat (7.5 - 8.5% Ag).
- Colloidal Ag proteinate (Colargol): Used as a general germicide (18 - 22% Ag).
Gold
- Also known as "Aurum" (shining dawn) or "King of all metals".
- Most malleable and ductile metal.
- Best electrical conductor.
- Gold toxicity: Gold dermatitis. Antidote: Dimercaprol.
- Dissolves in: Aqua regia (3 parts HCl + 1 part HNO3), selenic acid, bromine water, and chlorine water.
Important Gold Compounds
- Two series of gold compounds exist: Au+1 & Au+3.
- Au salts are unstable in heat and light, acting as mild reducing agents.
- Au compounds should be dispensed separately due to their reducing properties.
- Au+1 undergoes autooxidation to Au+3.
- Au compounds are primarily used for the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
Important Gold Compounds (Examples):
- Aurothioglucose (IM): Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Gold Na thiomalate (IM): Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Auranofin (PO): Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Au 198: Radioactive gold used in the treatment of certain malignancies.
Group IIA Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group IIA elements are also known as Alkaline earth metals.
- These elements are chemically active and do not occur naturally in their elemental form.
- Oxidation state is +2
- Strong reducing agents, but less potent than Group IA elements.
- Ca, Sr, Ba react with water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen gas.
Group IIA Element Properties
- Chemical activity increases with increasing atomic radius.
- Primarily metallic except for amphoteric beryllium.
- Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are strongly basic.
- Be(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 are insoluble in water.
- Carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, and fluorides of Group IIA elements are also generally insoluble in water.
Beryllium
- Amphoteric - exhibits both acidic and basic properties.
- Resembles aluminum due to its bridging position in the periodic table.
- Be compounds are extremely toxic, making them unsuitable for therapeutic use.
- Used in fluorescent lamps.
Magnesium
- Predominant physiologic ion present in chlorophyll.
- Second most abundant intracellular cation within cells.
- Lightest of all structurally important metals.
- Possesses a powerful anesthetic effect.
-
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2):
- 3% H2O2: Mild, fast-acting oxidizing germicide that destroys pathogenic bacteria.
- 6% H2O2: Common bleaching agent (hair).
Sulfur
- Also known as "Shubari", "brimstone", or "enemy of copper".
- Applications:
- Preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointments.
- Stimulant cathartic.
- Depilatory agent.
- Fumigant.
- Anti-dandruff.
- Rhombic sulfur: Stable form of sulfur at room temperature.
- Prepared through the Frasch process.
Important Sulfur Compounds
- Elemental sulfur has a fungicidal action.
-
Two forms of sulfur:
- Precipitated sulfur (milk of sulfur): Used in keratolytic ointments/lotions and as a scabicide.
- Sublimed sulfur (flower of sulfur): Used as a cathartic.
More Important Sulfur Compounds
- Sulfur ointments and lotions: Used in dermatology as keratolytics (agents that dissolve or break down the outer layer of skin).
- White lotion, USP: Used as an astringent and protective. Prepared by adding sulfurated potash solution to zinc sulfate solution.
- Cadmium sulfide and selenium sulfide: Employed in the topical treatment of seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff).
- Sulfur dioxide, USP: Used as antioxidants and preservatives.
- Sulfur metabisulfite, NF: Used as an antioxidant.
Selenium
- Also known as "Selena" or "Moon".
- An essential trace element.
- Toxic in large doses.
- Promotes the absorption of Vitamin E.
- Used as an antioxidant.
- Slowly absorbed through the skin.
Important Selenium Compounds
- Selemethionine (75Se) injection, USP: Aids in diagnosing pancreatic tumors and growths.
- Selenium sulfide, USP: At 2.5% suspension, treats seborrheic dermatitis. Note: Must not come in contact with eyes or mouth as it damages sensitive membranes.
- Prolonged skin contact can lead to contact dermatitis (skin changes resembling eczema).
Group VIB Elements: Chromium Subgroup
- These elements are distinctly metallic and form oxides that are acidic (for those with high molecular weight).
- Molybdenum and tungsten exhibit definite acidic properties, while uranium displays both acidic and basic characteristics.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the vital role of calcium in the body and the important compounds associated with it. This quiz covers functions, deficiencies, and various calcium-based substances used in medicine and industry. Prepare to learn more about how calcium contributes to health and wellness.
