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Questions and Answers
What is the oxidation state of alkaline earth metals in Group IIA?
What is the oxidation state of alkaline earth metals in Group IIA?
Which alkaline earth metal compound is known to produce a strongly basic solution when reacting with water?
Which alkaline earth metal compound is known to produce a strongly basic solution when reacting with water?
Which of the following heavy metals is noted for its serious toxicity and is not used therapeutically?
Which of the following heavy metals is noted for its serious toxicity and is not used therapeutically?
What is a common therapeutic use for compounds containing gold?
What is a common therapeutic use for compounds containing gold?
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Which strontium compound is recognized for its medicinal application?
Which strontium compound is recognized for its medicinal application?
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Which radioactive element is used in medical treatments for malignancies?
Which radioactive element is used in medical treatments for malignancies?
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An antidote for gold dermatitis is known as?
An antidote for gold dermatitis is known as?
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Which statement is true regarding the solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates in water?
Which statement is true regarding the solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates in water?
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Which of the following is a primary use of Calcium carbonate?
Which of the following is a primary use of Calcium carbonate?
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What is the primary function of strontium chloride in dental care products?
What is the primary function of strontium chloride in dental care products?
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Which compound of barium is known to be a radiopaque agent used in diagnostic imaging?
Which compound of barium is known to be a radiopaque agent used in diagnostic imaging?
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What condition is caused by barium toxicity?
What condition is caused by barium toxicity?
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Which element, discovered by Marie Curie, is used for cancer treatment?
Which element, discovered by Marie Curie, is used for cancer treatment?
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What common property do members of Group IIB elements generally share?
What common property do members of Group IIB elements generally share?
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Calcium hydroxide is commonly used for which of the following?
Calcium hydroxide is commonly used for which of the following?
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Which Zinc compound is popularly used in the construction and automotive industries for its protective properties?
Which Zinc compound is popularly used in the construction and automotive industries for its protective properties?
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What is one of the uses of sublimed sulfur?
What is one of the uses of sublimed sulfur?
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What effect does selenium have when absorbed in large doses?
What effect does selenium have when absorbed in large doses?
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How is rhombic sulfur described at room temperature?
How is rhombic sulfur described at room temperature?
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Which compound is specifically used for treating seborrheic dermatitis?
Which compound is specifically used for treating seborrheic dermatitis?
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What is the primary role of sulfurated potash solution in dermatological applications?
What is the primary role of sulfurated potash solution in dermatological applications?
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What is an important characteristic of selenium sulfide when applied?
What is an important characteristic of selenium sulfide when applied?
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Which form of sulfur is specifically used as a scabicide?
Which form of sulfur is specifically used as a scabicide?
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What defines the action of 3% H2O2 as a germicide?
What defines the action of 3% H2O2 as a germicide?
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Study Notes
Calcium
- Calcium is a vital element for the body.
- Functions include blood coagulation, muscular contraction, neurotransmitter release, and bone/teeth mineralization.
- Calcium deficiency leads to various conditions, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, and hypocalcemia.
Important Calcium Compounds
- Calcium bromide (CaBr2): Used as a sedative/depressant.
- Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): Known as precipitated chalk or prepared chalk. Used as an antacid and an ingredient in toothpastes and dentifrices.
- Calcium chloride (CaCl2): Also known as Muriate of lime. Used as a calcium replenisher.
- Calcium Gluconate: Employed as a calcium supplement and replenisher. Preferred treatment for hypocalcemia due to its lower irritating properties compared to CaCl2.
- Calcium hypochlorite (CaClO): Known as Chlorinated lime or chloride of lime. Used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent.
- Calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] : Called Bone ash. Used as a source of calcium and phosphorus.
- Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] : Also known as Slaked lime, hydrated lime, or milk of lime. Used as an antacid and saponifying agent.
- Calcium oxide (CaO) : Known as lime, quicklime, or calx. Used as a component of Bordeaux mixture (algicide/fungicide) and as an insecticide.
- Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): Known as Plaster of Paris (hemihydrate) and gypsum (dihydrate). Used as a rodenticide, component in surgical casts, and dental impressions.
Strontium
- Seldom used therapeutically.
- Utilized in the manufacture of flares.
- Strontium chloride [SrCl2] : Employed as a desensitizing agent, commonly found in Sensodyne® toothpaste.
Barium
- Most active element in Group IIA.
- Also known as 'Heavy'.
- Its cation is stable.
- All soluble barium compounds are poisonous, resulting in Baritosis toxicity.
- Epsom salt serves as an antidote for barium poisoning.
Important Barium Compounds
- Barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2] : Used as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
- Barium sulfate [BaSO4] : Radiopaque agent employed as a contrast medium in diagnostic procedures, particularly for gastrointestinal imaging.
Radium
- Discovered by Marie Curie.
- A radioactive element used in cancer chemotherapy and diagnostic procedures.
Group IIB Elements: Volatile Metals
- This group consists of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg).
- Characterized by low boiling points, hence their classification as volatile metals.
- Common oxidation state is +2.
Important Group IIB Compounds:
- Silver iodide (AgI) : Poisonous and germicidal.
-
Ag proteinate:
- Mild Ag proteinate (Argyrol): Used as an antiseptic for the eye (10 - 23/25% Ag).
- Strong Ag proteinate (Protargol): Employed as a strong germicide for ears and throat (7.5 - 8.5% Ag).
- Colloidal Ag proteinate (Colargol): Used as a general germicide (18 - 22% Ag).
Gold
- Also known as "Aurum" (shining dawn) or "King of all metals".
- Most malleable and ductile metal.
- Best electrical conductor.
- Gold toxicity: Gold dermatitis. Antidote: Dimercaprol.
- Dissolves in: Aqua regia (3 parts HCl + 1 part HNO3), selenic acid, bromine water, and chlorine water.
Important Gold Compounds
- Two series of gold compounds exist: Au+1 & Au+3.
- Au salts are unstable in heat and light, acting as mild reducing agents.
- Au compounds should be dispensed separately due to their reducing properties.
- Au+1 undergoes autooxidation to Au+3.
- Au compounds are primarily used for the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
Important Gold Compounds (Examples):
- Aurothioglucose (IM): Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Gold Na thiomalate (IM): Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Auranofin (PO): Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Au 198: Radioactive gold used in the treatment of certain malignancies.
Group IIA Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group IIA elements are also known as Alkaline earth metals.
- These elements are chemically active and do not occur naturally in their elemental form.
- Oxidation state is +2
- Strong reducing agents, but less potent than Group IA elements.
- Ca, Sr, Ba react with water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen gas.
Group IIA Element Properties
- Chemical activity increases with increasing atomic radius.
- Primarily metallic except for amphoteric beryllium.
- Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are strongly basic.
- Be(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 are insoluble in water.
- Carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, and fluorides of Group IIA elements are also generally insoluble in water.
Beryllium
- Amphoteric - exhibits both acidic and basic properties.
- Resembles aluminum due to its bridging position in the periodic table.
- Be compounds are extremely toxic, making them unsuitable for therapeutic use.
- Used in fluorescent lamps.
Magnesium
- Predominant physiologic ion present in chlorophyll.
- Second most abundant intracellular cation within cells.
- Lightest of all structurally important metals.
- Possesses a powerful anesthetic effect.
-
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2):
- 3% H2O2: Mild, fast-acting oxidizing germicide that destroys pathogenic bacteria.
- 6% H2O2: Common bleaching agent (hair).
Sulfur
- Also known as "Shubari", "brimstone", or "enemy of copper".
- Applications:
- Preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointments.
- Stimulant cathartic.
- Depilatory agent.
- Fumigant.
- Anti-dandruff.
- Rhombic sulfur: Stable form of sulfur at room temperature.
- Prepared through the Frasch process.
Important Sulfur Compounds
- Elemental sulfur has a fungicidal action.
-
Two forms of sulfur:
- Precipitated sulfur (milk of sulfur): Used in keratolytic ointments/lotions and as a scabicide.
- Sublimed sulfur (flower of sulfur): Used as a cathartic.
More Important Sulfur Compounds
- Sulfur ointments and lotions: Used in dermatology as keratolytics (agents that dissolve or break down the outer layer of skin).
- White lotion, USP: Used as an astringent and protective. Prepared by adding sulfurated potash solution to zinc sulfate solution.
- Cadmium sulfide and selenium sulfide: Employed in the topical treatment of seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff).
- Sulfur dioxide, USP: Used as antioxidants and preservatives.
- Sulfur metabisulfite, NF: Used as an antioxidant.
Selenium
- Also known as "Selena" or "Moon".
- An essential trace element.
- Toxic in large doses.
- Promotes the absorption of Vitamin E.
- Used as an antioxidant.
- Slowly absorbed through the skin.
Important Selenium Compounds
- Selemethionine (75Se) injection, USP: Aids in diagnosing pancreatic tumors and growths.
- Selenium sulfide, USP: At 2.5% suspension, treats seborrheic dermatitis. Note: Must not come in contact with eyes or mouth as it damages sensitive membranes.
- Prolonged skin contact can lead to contact dermatitis (skin changes resembling eczema).
Group VIB Elements: Chromium Subgroup
- These elements are distinctly metallic and form oxides that are acidic (for those with high molecular weight).
- Molybdenum and tungsten exhibit definite acidic properties, while uranium displays both acidic and basic characteristics.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the vital role of calcium in the body and the important compounds associated with it. This quiz covers functions, deficiencies, and various calcium-based substances used in medicine and industry. Prepare to learn more about how calcium contributes to health and wellness.
