Questions and Answers
What prefix corresponds to the value $10^{12}$?
Which of the following prefixes indicates a factor of $10^{-6}$?
If a physical quantity is expressed as 3 kg, which of the following correctly identifies the components?
What is the estimated height of an adult human according to the provided information?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symbol represents the prefix for $10^{3}$?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the prefix that corresponds to $10^{-9}$?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the value of the prefix Mega?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following indicates the sub-multiple for $10^{-12}$?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the proper unit for measuring mass in the SI unit system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of error is characterized by random fluctuations around a true value?
Signup and view all the answers
How can random errors be minimized in measurements?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the fractional uncertainty for a measurement given as x = (5.0 ± 0.2) mm?
Signup and view all the answers
When combining values by addition or subtraction, what should be done with their absolute errors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about precision is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the base unit for electric current in the SI unit system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the percentage uncertainty for the measurement x = (5.0 ± 0.2) mm?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the area under a force-extension graph represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the phase difference for waves that are exactly in phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula for calculating frequency in terms of period?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes plastic deformation when stress is applied to a spring?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Kirchhoff's 1st law pertain to?
Signup and view all the answers
If two waves have a phase difference of θ between them, what is true about their relationship?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the elastic limit of a material refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the potential difference measured in a potentiometer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between amplitude and maximum displacement in wave motion?
Signup and view all the answers
If a potentiometer is balanced at 0.4m for a 10V source, what is the potential difference proportional to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the gradient of a force-extension graph equivalent to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of the effective resistance in series circuits according to Kirchhoff’s 2nd Law?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Kirchhoff’s 2nd Law state about a closed circuit?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes the balancing of a potentiometer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is needed to determine the unknown e.m.f. of a cell using a potentiometer?
Signup and view all the answers
In a circuit with two resistors R1 and R2 connected in series, what equation describes their total resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength as described by the wave equation?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of wave propagation, what dictates the change in observed frequency when a source moves relative to an observer?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the observed frequency of a wave when the source moves towards the observer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the Y-gain setting on a Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope?
Signup and view all the answers
Which equation correctly represents the relationship of observed frequency (f0) in relation to the source frequency (fs) when the source approaches the observer?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the time-base setting on a Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope affect?
Signup and view all the answers
When analyzing a displacement-distance graph, what does the distance of 1 wavelength represent?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does the frequency of a wave change when a source moves away from an observer?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the wave speed formula, $v = \frac{Distance}{Time}$, imply about the behavior of waves?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does increasing the speed of the source have on the observed frequency when moving towards the observer?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Physical Quantities and Units
- Physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a corresponding unit.
- Prefixes denote multiples and sub-multiples; for example, Tera (T) represents (10^{12}) and pico (p) represents (10^{-12}).
Estimating Physical Quantities
- Approximate dimensions for common objects: adult height ~ 2m, mass ~ 70kg, current in appliances ~ 13A, car battery EMF ~ 12V, atmospheric pressure ~ (1.0 \times 10^5) Pa.
- Young’s modulus for materials is often on the order of (10^{11}) Pa.
SI Units and Measurement
- Base SI units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), temperature (K), electric current (A).
- Random errors lead to measurement discrepancies; they can be reduced by repeating experiments and averaging results. Precision reflects the consistency of measurements, not their accuracy.
Calculations Involving Errors
- Absolute uncertainty calculated as (\Delta x = \pm 0.2) mm.
- Fractional uncertainty calculated as ( \Delta x / x) and percentage uncertainty as ( \Delta x / x \times 100%).
- For addition/subtraction of values, total absolute errors are summed; for multiplication/division, percentage errors are added.
Force-Extension Graphs
- A graphic representation where the gradient indicates spring constant and the area under the curve represents work done or strain energy.
- Strain energy in elastic deformation calculated as (W = \frac{1}{2} F x = \frac{1}{2} k x^2).
Waves
- Progressive waves are disturbances moving through mediums transporting energy.
- Key parameters include displacement, amplitude (max displacement), period (time for one oscillation), frequency (oscillations per unit time), and wavelength (distance between similar points).
- Wave speed calculated using the formula (v = f \lambda), where (f) is frequency and (\lambda) is wavelength.
Phase Difference
- Phase difference measures the difference between two waves, expressed in cycles or radians.
- In-phase waves have a phase difference of (0, 2\pi, ...); anti-phase waves have a phase difference of (\pi).
Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
- Used for visualizing waveforms; Y-gain adjusts voltage per unit (affects amplitude), and time-base alters time per unit (affects period).
Doppler Effect
- Describes changes in frequency or wavelength due to relative motion between source and observer.
- Frequency differences calculated using (f_0 = \frac{f_s v}{v \pm v_s}), where (v) is wave speed and (v_s) is source speed.
Kirchhoff's Laws
- Kirchhoff's 1st Law: Conservation of charge; total current entering a junction equals total current leaving.
- Kirchhoff's 2nd Law: Conservation of energy; sum of EMFs in a closed loop equals the sum of potential differences.
- Effective resistance in series determined by (R = R_1 + R_2) based on constant current.
Potentiometers
- A variable potential divider used to measure unknown EMFs by balancing potential differences with known ones.
- The potential difference is directly proportional to the length of the wire, establishing a calibration method.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz provides a comprehensive summary of the CAIE AS Level Physics theory syllabus, updated for the 2022-2024 academic timeline. It covers key concepts such as physical quantities, units, and their respective prefixes, providing students with vital information for their assessments.
