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• This module distinguishes and familiarizes learners with technical terms used in research.

Learning Objective

• Identify different technical terms used in research.

Research

• Presents information from interviews, reference books, websites, or other sources
• Is a careful, systematic, and scientific study and investigation in some field of knowledge
• Is a product of a careful or diligent inquiry into a certain subject for discovering and interpreting facts and then presenting them

Technical terms used in research

• Many exist, and most differ in terms, but have similar functions and meanings

Introduction

• It appears in the first paragraph of a written research paper
• It presents information from global, national, and local settings
• It is the first thing said in an oral presentation
• It is the first thing people see, hear, or experience about your study
• It gives readers a beginning thread so they can follow it

Purpose of the Study

• It states "why" a study is being conducted, or study goals
• Goals include identifying or describing a concept, or explaining or predicting a situation or solution
• It identifies the variables, population, and setting for the study
• Every study has an explicit or implicit purpose statement
• The research purpose is stated objectively or in a way that does not reflect biases or values of the researcher

Review of Related Literature

• Is a process and documentation of current relevant research literature regarding a topic or subject of interest
• Is a systematic identification and location of documents with information related to the research problem
• Is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
• Presents readings related to the study from books, journals, magazines, internet, etc

Theoretical Framework/Lens

• Is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study
• Introduces and describes the concept that explains why the research problem under study exists
• Refers to tested theories or studies from varied authors

Conceptual Framework

• Refers to visual templates, illustrations, and examples to determine theories and methodologies for the research
• Is a visual plan on how to conduct the research
• Is the structure or chart that shows the dependent and the independent variables

Statement of the Problem/Research Questions

• States the questions that the researcher/s ought to answer
• An answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue
• It is the initial step in a research project

Hypothesis

• It is an educated prediction that can be tested
• It is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a population

Definition of Terms

• Defining important terms is essential to ensure a common understanding of key concepts and terminology is shared between the author and the readers or audience
• Especially if the term is unusual or not widely known
• General words and phrases defined within the context of how they apply to the research study
• Conceptually defined (taken from dictionary) and operationally defined (as used in the study by the researcher/s) terms or words in the research study

Significance of the Study

• It mainly focuses on the question “Who will benefit from the study?"
• It describes what contribution the study will make and the usefulness of the study in society
• It conveys what benefits others may gain and what they will learn from the research study
• It is a statement which intentionally addresses to a specific individual or groups

Scope and Delimitation

• Includes whom the study will focus on (delimited)
• Explanation of what information or subject is being analyzed
• Extent of the study to be made
• Specifies where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects are

Methodology

• Discusses the process or method the research study was done or completed
• States the main instrument used in gathering of data (survey form, researcher-made questionnaire, interview, etc.)

Research Design

• Overall strategy to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way
• Allows effective addressing of the research problem
• Blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data
• Includes type of research, measurement and scaling, construct and pre-test questionnaire, sampling process and sample size, data analysis plan, and budget and scheduling

Research Locale

• Refers to the place where the research study was conducted

Research Respondents/ Research Participants

• It tells who the group of individuals are used in the research study

Role of the Researcher

• Safeguard the participants and their data
• Mechanisms for such safeguarding must be clearly articulated to participants before the research begins

Research Instruments

• Measurement tools (for example, questionnaires or scales) designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects
• States the main instrument used in gathering of data (survey form, researcher-made questionnaire, interview, etc.)

Data Gathering Procedure/ Data Collection

• Specifies the procedure/process of conducting the research (permission to conduct the study, administration and retrieval of the questionnaires, tabulation of data gathered, etc.)

Data Analysis/Results and Discussion

• Discusses answers based on the listed statement of the problem
• Includes explanations and tables

Statistical Tools/ Treatment

• Methods involved in carrying out a study which include planning, designing, collecting data, drawing meaningful interpretation, and reporting of the findings
• States the statistical method used or utilized in the study; for example, Mean, T-test, Standard Deviation, Pearson, Regression, One-way Anova, etc

Trustworthiness of the Study/Ethical Consideration

• It is important to adhere to ethical norms in research for several reasons
• Norms promote research aims, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error
• Research involves cooperation and coordination among different people in different disciplines and institutions
• Ethical standards promote essential values to collaborative work like trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness

Conclusions

• Statements drawn or formulated based on the findings of the study
• Last paragraph or the last part in the research paper
• Restates your thesis statement and summarize your main proofs

Recommendations

• These are stated based on the findings/ results and the conclusions of the research

Summary of Findings

• It states the answers in summary form/already the gist of the study
• Summary of textual generalization including important data consisting of text and numbers

APA (American Psychological Association)

• The style of documentation of sources used
• Form of writing research papers used mainly in the social sciences (like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields).

Qualitative Research

• A type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data
• Seeks to interpret meaning from the data
• Aims to understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places
• Used to gain insights into people's feelings and thoughts

Quantitative Research

• Process of collecting and analyzing numerical data
• Used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations