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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the 'enum' keyword in C?
What is the primary purpose of the 'enum' keyword in C?
Which of the following correctly defines a symbolic constant for the value of pi in C?
Which of the following correctly defines a symbolic constant for the value of pi in C?
How do you properly declare a constant variable that can hold the maximum value of type integer in C?
How do you properly declare a constant variable that can hold the maximum value of type integer in C?
What output will the following code produce: 'enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed};' followed by 'day = Wed;'?
What output will the following code produce: 'enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed};' followed by 'day = Wed;'?
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Which statement about symbolic constants is true?
Which statement about symbolic constants is true?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of identifiers in C?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of identifiers in C?
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What is the maximum number of characters that can be significant in a variable name in C?
What is the maximum number of characters that can be significant in a variable name in C?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of token in C programming?
Which of the following is NOT a type of token in C programming?
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Which standard library header file is mandatory for using input and output functions in C?
Which standard library header file is mandatory for using input and output functions in C?
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Why are keywords in C also called reserved words?
Why are keywords in C also called reserved words?
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Which one of the following is an example of a special character in C?
Which one of the following is an example of a special character in C?
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What type of data can a C variable store?
What type of data can a C variable store?
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What is a characteristic of variables in C programming?
What is a characteristic of variables in C programming?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of structured programming?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of structured programming?
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Which of the following programming languages is an example of a structured programming language?
Which of the following programming languages is an example of a structured programming language?
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What is the significance of the main() function in a C program?
What is the significance of the main() function in a C program?
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Which of the following describes the middle-level characteristic of C programming?
Which of the following describes the middle-level characteristic of C programming?
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What does the definition section in a C program typically include?
What does the definition section in a C program typically include?
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Which of the following features allows for easier error detection in C programming?
Which of the following features allows for easier error detection in C programming?
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In what context is modularity advantageous in programming?
In what context is modularity advantageous in programming?
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Which of the following best differentiates procedural programming from object-oriented programming?
Which of the following best differentiates procedural programming from object-oriented programming?
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Which statement regarding variable declaration in C is correct?
Which statement regarding variable declaration in C is correct?
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In the context of variable initialization, which of the following is true?
In the context of variable initialization, which of the following is true?
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What is the result of using the scanf function in C?
What is the result of using the scanf function in C?
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Which datatype is not commonly used for storing decimal values in C?
Which datatype is not commonly used for storing decimal values in C?
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What does the following line of code do: scanf(“%d”, &a);?
What does the following line of code do: scanf(“%d”, &a);?
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Which of the following illustrates correct dynamic initialization of a variable?
Which of the following illustrates correct dynamic initialization of a variable?
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Which of the following is NOT a valid variable name in C?
Which of the following is NOT a valid variable name in C?
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What is the output of the printf statement in the following code snippet: printf(“%d”, sum); when sum equals 30?
What is the output of the printf statement in the following code snippet: printf(“%d”, sum); when sum equals 30?
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Study Notes
Procedural Programming: C
- C Programming: A middle-level, general-purpose programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone company.
- Structured Programming: Facilitates program understanding and modification through a top-down approach, dividing systems into smaller, logical modules.
- C is a Structured Programming Language: It promotes modularity by dividing code into functions and structures.
Applications of C Programming
- Operating Systems
- System Programming
- Network Programming
- Game Development
- IoT (Internet of Things)
- Telecommunications
C Programming Features
- Simple and Clear: Relatively easy to understand and use.
- Small in Size: The compiler is compact, making it suitable for smaller systems.
- Structured Language (Top-Down Approach): Focuses on dividing code into logical blocks.
- Middle-Level Language: Offers control over hardware while maintaining a high level of abstraction.
- Portable: Code can be compiled and run on different platforms with minimal modifications.
- Modularity: Code is broken down into smaller, reusable functions, improving maintainability.
- Case Sensitive: Uppercase and lowercase letters are treated differently.
- Easy Error Detection: The compiler effectively identifies and reports errors.
- Building Block for Other Languages: Concepts and syntax of C have influenced many other programming languages.
- Powerful and Efficient Language (Robustness): Supports low-level operations and provides efficient memory management.
- Built-in Functions and Keywords: Provides standard functions and keywords for common programming tasks.
Basic Structure of a C Program
- Documentation Section: Comments that explain the program's purpose.
-
Link Section: Directives (
#include
) to connect the program with external libraries. -
Definition Section: Defines symbolic constants using
#define
. - Global Declaration Section: Declares variables and functions that are accessible throughout the program.
-
main()
Function: The primary function of the program, it contains the executable statements.-
Declaration Part: Declares variables used within the
main()
function. - Executable Part: Contains the instructions to be executed by the program.
-
Declaration Part: Declares variables used within the
- Subprogram Section: Defines user-defined functions that are called within the main function.
Standard Directories in C
- C Standard Directories/Libraries: Provide a collection of pre-defined functions, macros, and utility functions for various tasks.
-
stdio.h
: Mandatory header file for input/output operations, containing functions likeprintf()
,scanf()
, etc. -
conio.h
: Optional header file used for console input/output operations, likegetch()
,clrscr()
, etc. -
string.h
: Header file containing functions for string manipulation, likestrlen()
,strcpy()
,strcat()
, etc.
Character Set in C
- Letters/Alphabets: Uppercase (A-Z) and lowercase (a-z).
- Digits: Numbers (0-9).
-
Special Characters: Symbols like
;
,{}
,' '
," "
,+
,-
,*
,/
,%
,=
, etc. -
White spaces: Used for separation, including tabs (
\t
) and newlines (\n
).
Tokens in C
- Tokens: The smallest meaningful units of a C program understood by the compiler.
-
Examples of Tokens:
-
Keywords: Data types (
int
,float
, etc.). -
Operators: Arithmetic operators (
+
,-
,*
,/
,%
). -
Punctuation Marks: Semicolon (
;
), Braces{}
, etc. - Constants: Fixed values within the program.
-
Keywords: Data types (
Keywords in C
- Keywords (Reserved Words): Special words with predefined meanings that cannot be redefined.
- There are 32 keywords in C.
Identifiers in C
- Identifiers: User-defined names for variables, functions, arrays, etc.
-
Rules for Identifiers:
- Composed of letters, digits, and underscore (
_
). - Must start with a letter or underscore.
- Only the first 32 characters are significant.
- Cannot be the same as keywords.
- Case-sensitive (
count
andCount
are different).
- Composed of letters, digits, and underscore (
Variables in C
- Variables: Placeholders in memory that store data temporarily.
-
Characteristics of Variables:
- Each variable has a unique identifier.
- Their values can be modified during program execution.
- Belong to a specific data type (e.g.,
int
,float
,char
).
Rules for Variable Names
- Must start with a letter or underscore (
_
). - Can include uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and underscore (
_
). - The first 32 characters are significant.
- Cannot be keywords.
- Case-sensitive.
- White spaces are not allowed.
- Special characters are not allowed.
Data Types in C
- Data Types: Define the type of data a variable can hold, determining its size, range, and operations.
Declaration of Variables
-
Syntax:
data_type variable_name1, variable_name2, ..., variable_nameN;
-
data_type
is a valid C data type. -
variable_name1
,variable_name2
, etc. are the variable names. - Example:
int a;
float num1;
char c1, c2, c3;
Initialization of Variables
-
Assigning Values: Variables are given values using the assignment operator (
=
). -
Syntax:
variable_name = value;
-
Example:
max = 10;
a = 2.5;
-
Initialization at Declaration:
-
data_type variable_name = value;
- Example:
int length = 5;
-
Examples of Data Types in C
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char c = 'N';
int i = 123;
float f = 10.23;
double d = 345.6789;
printf("%c", c);
printf("%d", i);
printf("%f", f);
printf("%lf", d);
return 0;
}
Addition of Two Numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, sum;
a = 10;
b = 20;
sum = a + b;
printf("Addition of a and b is %d", sum);
return 0;
}
Dynamic Initialization
- Dynamic Initialization: Assigning values to variables at runtime, rather than during compilation.
-
User Input: The
scanf()
function is used to get input from the user. -
Syntax:
scanf("format_specifier", &variable_name);
- Example:
scanf("%d",&a);
Addition with Dynamic Initialization
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, sum;
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
sum = a + b;
printf("Addition of a and b is: %d\n", sum);
return 0;
}
Constants in C
- Constants: Variables whose values cannot be changed during program execution.
-
Types of Constants:
- Symbolic Constants
-
Constants with the
const
keyword
Symbolic Constants
-
Symbolic Constants (Macros): Defined using the
#define
directive. -
Syntax:
#define variable_name constant_value
-
Example:
#define PI 3.14
- Advantages:
- Improve code readability.
- Reduce redundancy by defining values in one place and using them throughout the program.
Example of Symbolic Constants
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14
int main() {
float r = 7.5;
float area = PI * r * r;
printf("Area of circle is: %f", area);
return 0;
}
const
Keyword
-
const
Keyword: Creates constant variables by attaching theconst
keyword in the declaration. -
Syntax:
const data_type constant_variable_name = constant_value;
-
Example:
const int max = 5;
const float pie = 3.14;
enum
in C
-
enum
(Enumeration): A user-defined data type in C that assigns names to integral constants. - Purpose: Improves code readability and maintainability.
-
Syntax:
enum enum_name {constant1, constant2, constant3, ... };
-
Example:
enum color {red, green, blue};
enum week {mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun};
enum month {jan, feb, mar, apr, ... dec};
Example of enum
#include <stdio.h>
enum week {Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun};
int main() {
enum week day;
day = Wed;
printf("%d", day); // Output: 2 (assuming enum values are assigned sequentially)
return 0;
}
enum
Example (2)
#include <stdio.h>
enum year {Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec};
int main() {
int i;
for (i = Jan; i <= Dec; i++) {
printf("%d\n",i); // Output: 0, 1, 2 ... 11 (assuming enum values assigned sequentially)
}
return 0;
}
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of C programming, including its features, structured programming principles, and various applications such as operating systems and game development. Test your knowledge on how C facilitates modularity and the top-down approach in programming.