C# Programming Language Fundamentals

A sequence of characters used to represent text.

Represents a mutable sequence of characters, allowing efficient modification.

Represents a sequence of characters that is immutable, meaning its content cannot be directly changed.

A function or a block of code that defines an entry point for your C# program execution. It is where the program begins.

A feature in C# that allows you to write code directly at the top level of your program file, without the need to define a class or method, greatly simplifying small program structure.

A C# keyword used to implicitly declare a local variable. The compiler infers the variable's data type from its initial assignment.

A technique that converts a data value from one type to another.

A conversion that potentially loses information as it casts the value to a type with a smaller range.

A special keyword in C# that indicates a method is associated with a class, not an object.

An array of strings (text) that can hold input from the command line.

A built-in class in C# that allows interaction with the console window.

A method of the Console class that writes a string to the console followed by a newline.

A method of the Console class that reads a line of text from the console.

A piece of code that defines a type of data and its associated behavior.

A collection of classes organized under a common name.

A type of C# program that runs in a text-based console window.

A set of instructions within a method that are executed in order.

A file extension that indicates a compiled C# program.

The process of identifying and fixing errors in your code.

The ability to easily add or remove portions of code, making it easier to maintain and update.

A method that does not return a value. It performs actions but does not produce a result.

Parameters passed to the Main() method when running a program from the command line. They contain information like file paths or input arguments.

The use of 'async' and 'await' keywords to make a method asynchronously process operations. It allows a program to continue running even if an action takes time.

The ability to declare a variable in conjunction with its initial value in a single line of code.

A data type that stores whole numbers without any fractional component. Examples include 5, 2, 10, and -7.

A reference to a location in memory. It does not contain the actual data but holds the address of where that data is stored.

A variable that holds the actual value of a data item. It stores the data directly.

An error that prevents a program from compiling. It's caught by the compiler before the program can be executed.

A variable that is declared inside a function or a block of code. It belongs to that specific scope and is not accessible outside of it.

The process of giving an initial value to a variable at the time it's declared.

A return value from a program, indicating success or failure. Traditionally, 0 means success.

A function defined within another function. They are only accessible from the function they're defined in.

Represents a single Unicode character. It is declared using single quotes, for example, 'A'.

This is a keyword that represents the system type System.Int32. It supports operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Integers can hold whole numbers.

This keyword represents the system type System.Double. It stores floating-point numbers, meaning numbers with decimal points.

Represents a member of the System.Boolean data type. It can have two possible values: true or false.

A member of the System.Object class, which holds a unique integer value for each object. It can be used to identify objects in a program.

A member of the System.Object class. It compares two objects to determine if they are equal.

A member of the System.Object class, used to convert an object to its textual representation.

A member of the System.Object class, used to determine the type of an object.

Represents the maximum value that an integer can store.

Represents the minimum value that an integer can store.

Represents the smallest representable positive value for a double.

Represents the largest positive value that a double can store.

Represents the smallest negative value that a double can store.

A data type in C# that represents a sequence of characters, often used to store and manipulate text.

A local variable is declared and initialized using the syntax: dataType varName = initialValue; Example: int myInt = 0;

They are declared using the keyword 'bool,' which is a shorthand for the System.Boolean structure.

They are declared and assigned values on a single line, separated by commas. Example: bool b1 = true, b2 = false, b3 = b1;

You can use the full name of the data type, like 'System.Boolean' for bool, to declare a variable.

It assigns a default value based on the data type. For example, an int variable gets initialized to 0.

A default constructor is a special function that automatically initializes a variable when created using the 'new' keyword.

It is used along with the data type name to create an instance of a variable. For example: bool b = new bool();

They support a 'default' constructor, allowing you to use the 'new' keyword for initialization. However, it's generally more concise to use the implicit default value.

Using 'new()' without a data type, it initializes the variable to the default value. For example: bool b = new();

It's a hierarchical arrangement of data types where types at the top provide common behaviors inherited by the derived types. For example, all data types ultimately inherit from System.Object.

It defines a set of methods, like 'Equals()' and 'ToString()', that all data types in .NET inherit. These methods are shared behavior.

They are automatically allocated on the stack, making them efficient and predictable in terms of their lifespan.

They are allocated on the heap, managed by the garbage collector. This allows them to potentially have a longer lifespan.

All data types ultimately derive from System.Object, which comes with a set of common methods like 'ToString()' and 'Equals().'

A method of the System.String class that returns the number of characters in a string.

A method of the System.String class that determines whether a string contains a specific substring.

A method of the System.String class that creates a copy of the string in uppercase format.

A method of the System.String class that inserts a string within another string at a specified position.

A method of the System.String class that removes characters from the beginning and end of a string, such as spaces.

A method of the System.String class that returns an array of strings, splitting the original string based on specified delimiters.

A data type in C# that represents arbitrarily large integers, allowing calculations with very large numbers.

A static method of the BigInteger class that multiplies two BigInteger objects.

A property of the BigInteger class that indicates whether a BigInteger object represents an even number.

A new feature in C# 7.0 that allows underscores to be used as digit separators in numeric literals for readability.

A new feature in C# 7.0 that introduces a literal for binary values, represented by 0b followed by the binary digits.

A feature in C# 7.2 that allows binary and hexadecimal literals to start with an underscore after the opening declaration.

A programming construct in C# that uses curly brackets ({}) to embed variables or expressions directly within a string literal. This makes it easier to format strings that incorporate dynamic values.

A special character that indicates the start of a string interpolation expression in C#.

A part of a string within curly braces ({}) that represents where a variable or expression should be inserted.

The ability to use methods and expressions directly within string interpolation placeholders. This makes it more convenient to modify data within strings.

The use of a numerical index to identify variable placeholders in a string format.

A method for constructing strings by replacing placeholders with values using a format string and a collection of arguments.

A technique that combines string interpolation with the ability to call methods and expressions within placeholder to provide a simpler and more readable way to format strings.

A method that creates a new string by replacing all occurrences of a specific substring with another.

The process of combining strings to create a longer one, often using the '+' operator.

A special character used in strings to represent certain actions, such as new lines or tabs, for formatting.

A type of programming construct that determines if a certain condition is true and executes code based on the outcome.

A C# keyword used to indicate a method or variable belongs to a class rather than an object instance.

A special type of character, typically used for defining a data type or a variable.

A built-in function in most programming languages, including C#, that attempts to convert a string into a target data type (e.g., integer, double, boolean). It throws an exception if the conversion is unsuccessful.

A built-in function in C# that safely attempts to convert a string into a specific data type. It returns a Boolean value indicating success or failure. If successful, it sets the out variable to the converted value. If unsuccessful, the out variable remains unchanged.

A structure in C# that represents a specific date and time value. It includes methods for manipulating and formatting dates and times in various ways.

A structure in C# that represents a duration of time. It provides methods for manipulating and calculating time intervals.

A structure in C# used to represent complex numbers, which have both a real and an imaginary component.

An event that disrupts the normal execution of a program, commonly caused by errors or unexpected conditions.

A mechanism in programming that allows you to handle exceptions, preventing your program from crashing and providing a way to gracefully recover.

The process of transforming a value of one data type into another. This can be explicit or implicit.

A type of conversion that does not lose information during the transformation. This happens when casting a value to a type with a larger range.

A code block that defines a sequence of actions to be performed if a certain condition is true. It allows you to control the program flow based on specific checks.

A code block that defines a sequence of actions to be performed if a certain condition is false. It works in conjunction with an if statement to provide alternative execution paths.

A special type of parameter used in methods that modifies a variable passed in from the calling code. This means any changes made to the out parameter inside the method will be visible outside the method.