C Programming and Security Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a stack?

  • To provide input/output operations
  • To execute a program's instructions
  • To manage memory allocation
  • To store and retrieve data (correct)

    • What is the difference between a vulnerability and an exploit?

  • A vulnerability is a weakness in a system, while an exploit is a way to take advantage of it (correct)
  • A vulnerability is a type of buffer overflow, while an exploit is a type of SQL injection
  • A vulnerability is a type of malware, while an exploit is a type of virus
  • A vulnerability is a zero-day attack, while an exploit is a known attack

    • What is the purpose of shellcode?

  • To debug a program
  • To optimize a program's performance
  • To analyze a program's memory
  • To execute a malicious program (correct)

    • What is the implication of an integer overflow?

    <p>It wraps around to a positive or negative value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of GDB?

    <p>To debug a program and inspect its memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a stack and a heap?

    <p>A stack is used for temporary storage, while a heap is used for permanent storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fuzzing?

    <p>To test a program's security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer?

    <p>To store temporary data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of format strings?

    <p>To format output data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ASLR?

    <p>To prevent buffer overflow attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 1: C Language and GDB Tool

    • C Language function syntax, main function syntax, and arguments
    • Data types: integer, float, char, arrays, and declarations
    • Pointers and notation
    • Input and output
    • Conditionals and looping
    • GDB Tool: executing with an executable file, listing and disassembling (disas), breakpoints, and register inspection
    • Vulnerability and exploit definitions: difference between a vulnerability and exploit (and zero day)

    Week 2: Integer Overflow

    • Integer types: 8-bit equal to char, signed or unsigned
    • Limits available as MACRO constants
    • Byte sizes of types
    • Effect of integer overflow: wrapping around positive or negative
    • Implications in reality: usually triggered in loop iteration
    • C Language: variable scope and variable types

    Week 3: Stacks and Buffers

    • Principle of a stack: stack frame organization, function entry and exit sequence
    • How stacks work during execution and debugging in GDB
    • Buffer and overflow principles: beneficial to a threat actor
    • How buffers can be viewed in GDB: examples from lab

    Week 4: Vulnerable Functions and Shellcode

    • Vulnerable functions: gets, strcpy, strcat, sprintf
    • Safer alternatives to these functions
    • Shellcode: aim, usage, and how it works

    Week 5: Format Strings

    • Strings vs format strings: format string specifiers
    • Functions: printf and sprintf
    • What makes format strings vulnerable: properties
    • Exploit setup: where does it read from initially?

    Week 7: Heap Properties

    • Heap properties and layout: vs the stack
    • Functions using heap space: relation to the stack with variables
    • Structure: chunks

    Week 8: Fuzzing Principles

    • Fuzzing principles: why and types
    • Phases and methods of fuzzing
    • Tools used in fuzzing

    Week 9: More Fuzzing

    • More fuzzing principles: issues with fuzzing approaches
    • Code coverage: AFL tool

    Week 10: Non-Executable Stack and Security

    • Non-executable stack and implications
    • Overrides: W^X, stack canaries, and ASLR

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of C programming basics, including function syntax, data types, and pointers, as well as security concepts like vulnerability and exploit. Also covers GDB tool and integer overflow.

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