C Programming Basics and Security Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function syntax in C language?

  • float main()
  • void main()
  • int main() (correct)
  • char main()

    • What is the difference between a vulnerability and an exploit?

  • A vulnerability is a weakness, an exploit is a way to take advantage of it. (correct)
  • An exploit is a weakness, a vulnerability is a way to take advantage of it.
  • A vulnerability is a way to take advantage of a weakness, an exploit is the weakness.
  • A vulnerability is the same as an exploit.

    • What happens when an integer overflows in C?

  • It crashes the program.
  • It wraps around to the maximum value. (correct)
  • It wraps around to the minimum value.
  • It throws an error.

    • What is the purpose of shellcode?

    <p>To execute a specific task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a stack and a heap?

    <p>A stack is used for function calls, a heap is used for variable allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer?

    <p>To store temporary data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of format strings in C?

    <p>To format output to the console.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fuzzing in security testing?

    <p>To find vulnerabilities in a program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ASLR in security?

    <p>To randomize the location of memory regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a stack canary in security?

    <p>To detect stack overflows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 1: C Language and GDB Tool

    • C Language function syntax, main function syntax, and arguments
    • Data types: integer, float, char, arrays, and declarations
    • Pointers and notation
    • Input and output
    • Conditionals and looping
    • GDB Tool: executing with an executable file, listing and disassembling (disas), breakpoints, and register inspection
    • Vulnerability and exploit definitions: difference between a vulnerability and exploit (and zero day)

    Week 2: Integer Overflow

    • Integer types: 8-bit equal to char, signed or unsigned
    • Limits available as MACRO constants
    • Byte sizes of types
    • Effect of integer overflow: wrapping around positive or negative
    • Implications in reality: usually triggered in loop iteration
    • C Language: variable scope and variable types

    Week 3: Stacks and Buffers

    • Principle of a stack: stack frame organization, function entry and exit sequence
    • How stacks work during execution and debugging in GDB
    • Buffer and overflow principles: beneficial to a threat actor
    • How buffers can be viewed in GDB: examples from lab

    Week 4: Vulnerable Functions and Shellcode

    • Vulnerable functions: gets, strcpy, strcat, sprintf
    • Safer alternatives to these functions
    • Shellcode: aim, usage, and how it works

    Week 5: Format Strings

    • Strings vs format strings: format string specifiers
    • Functions: printf and sprintf
    • What makes format strings vulnerable: properties
    • Exploit setup: where does it read from initially?

    Week 7: Heap Properties

    • Heap properties and layout: vs the stack
    • Functions using heap space: relation to the stack with variables
    • Structure: chunks

    Week 8: Fuzzing Principles

    • Fuzzing principles: why and types
    • Phases and methods of fuzzing
    • Tools used in fuzzing

    Week 9: More Fuzzing

    • More fuzzing principles: issues with fuzzing approaches
    • Code coverage: AFL tool

    Week 10: Non-Executable Stack and Security

    • Non-executable stack and implications
    • Overrides: W^X, stack canaries, and ASLR

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    Test your knowledge of C programming fundamentals, including syntax, data types, and functions, as well as security concepts like vulnerabilities and exploits.

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