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• Map reading refers to a proportionate graphical representation of the earth’s surface on a plain
• There are seven types of maps:
• Relief
• Geographical
• Political
• Historical
• Statistical
• Economical
• Military
• Maps are sketches, not photographs, precluding them from depicting everything on the earth’s surface.
• Maps are drafted on paper making it impossible to capture all earthly details.
• A map's structure is generally divided into 3 parts:
• Northern margin
• Southern margin
• Internal margin
• Conventional signs are symbols that represent artificial or natural features on a map.
• Military symbols are used to represent military elements.
• Weapon signs indicate the type and orientation of weapons systems.
• Scale represents the proportion of distance on a map to the actual distance on the ground.
• Scale can be represented in 3 ways:
• Stating in words
• Representation Fraction
• Graphic Lines
• Representation Fraction= Distance on the map /Actual distance.
• Common scales used in Survey of India maps:
• 1 Mile = 1760 yard
• 1 Yard = 3 feet = 0.9144 m
• 1 Inch = 2.54 cm
• 1 Feet = 12 inch
• Technical terms used in map reading:
• Bearing refers to the angle formed by a line joining two points and the North and South Line
• Bench Mark signifies a permanent mark cut into a wall, recording exact height for future reference, marked BM with height on ordinance Survey Maps
• Gradient refers to the slope of a hill expressed as a fraction
• Contours: A line drawn on the map joining up all points of equal height above sea level
• Grid Lines are lines running parallel to and at right angles to North and South lines
• Slope: The rise and fall between two permanent places on the surface of earth.
• Types of Slope:
• Regular
• Irregular
• Regular Slope types are:
• Uniform Gentle
• Uniform Steep
• Irregular Slopes:
• Concave
• Convex
• Topography is the study of arrangements of natural/artiificial physical features of an area.
• Plateau: The even surface over the mountain
• Ridges are geographical features consisting of chain of mountains or hills with a continuous elevated crest.
• Knoll: An isolated hill adjacent to a series of hills with less height and area.
• Spur: A protruding mountainous part of a plain.
• Col: The land of even surface between the peaks of a hill,
• Saddle: The land that is less than the peaks
• Cliff: An erect mountainous elevation.
• Gorge: Very narrow hills with excessive depth and almost straight slopes.
• Escarpment: The excessive steep slope of a hill.
• Crest: Peak of a hill or mountain range.
• Basin: An area of fairly level ground surrounded by hills, it's drained by a river.
• Ridges: The line along a hill or range of hills from which water flows in opposite directions.
• Watershed: The line separating water flowing into two different river systems- the edge of a river basin
• Cardinal points: East, West, North and South
• North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West are called Cardinal points
• Bearing: The clockwise angle formed by a straight line joining two points and direction of North
• Grid bearing: Measured on the map from the grid North by the help of a protractor.
• Magnetic Bearing: Measured from Magnetic North by the compass.
• True Bearing: Calculated by finding out the relation of true North and grid or Magnetic North.
• Types of prismatic compass:
• Dry
• Liquid
• Prismatic compass parts name: Lid, Window, Hairline, Hinge, Direction marl, Prism, Thumb ring, Dial, etc
• Ways to find North:
  • Using the sun
  • Star (pole star)
  • Compass
  • Idgah and mosque
  • GPS
• Types of service protractor:
• Rectangular
• Circular
• Semi-circular
• Rectangular Service protractor details:
• Name: A mark IV
• Material: Ivory
• Dimensions: 2 x 6 inches
• Map setting procedure:
• Select the map of the correct sheet number.
• Place the map on a flat surface.
• Put the compass on the map and match the hairline of the compass to the map's longitude.
• Rotate the map sheet clockwise until the map's North, the compass hairline, and the compass needle align in the same direction.
• Ways to find your position on a map:
• Inspection Method
• Compass
• Continuous Map Reading
• Finding your position by Compass:
• Mark 2 features common on both map and ground.
• Take the bearings on these features by compass.
• Find out the back bearing of it.
• Draw lines on the map using a service protractor.
• The intersection point is your position.
• How to find the distance:
  • Find out the distance of the object on ground (Distance on ground is equal to distance on the map divided by representation fraction)
• Find bearing of object using service protractor.
• Take the compass & look for the object on the correct given bearing & distance.
• Method of identifying objects from ground to map:
• Intersection Method: {similar to finding own position on map by compass method} By Compass Bearing
• To take a Compass bearing: Take the forward bearing from a known object/ by Back Bearing
• War tactic: In case of intercepting an enemy's transmission, with the help of the fall of the shot you can find out the location by working out the back bearing.
• Navigation party definition: A group of soldiers or party that march at night.
• Guide: Carries a luminous stick and a compass set to a given bearing
• Assistant Guide: Has a white clothes at their back for identification, and a stick to give you a depth of nala/pits.
• Recorder: Carries an additional compass already set on a given bearing, a night march chart and stone pebbles.
• Scouts: Number of scouts could be from 2 to 4, depending upon the route and tasks.
• Field Craft: The art of making the best use of the available ground; soldiers can attack enemies in smarter way.
• Essential Parts of Field Craft: There are 6 steps
• Judging Distances
• Covers
• Camouflage and Concealment
• Indication and Recognition of Targets
• Fire and Movement
• Field Signals
• There are six methods to Judje Distance:
• Unit of Measurement Method uses a simple unit (ex: 100 yards) & determine the distance between a target/shooter in multiples of 100 yards.
• Appearance can make similar objuects appear differently because of depth: Eg- if full human picture is visible with all parts then he is 200 yards far(approx) and if face turns diminished then he is 300 yards far (approx)
• The distance between trees (distance average)is calculated with Bracketing
• For the distance you need to take the section avergae: distances are judged by each soldier, then all soldiers are added together & divided by the total number of soldiers
• Key Range is taking anything witha known distance (milestones, telephone poles) to help determine the distance
• To determine te “Halfing distance", you guess an ojects distancr, then double it, to find the full distance
• There are two types of cover: Cover from view and Cover from fire
• Hiding from enemy can be done with:
• Camouflage- Using Artificial Things
• Concealment- Using Natural Things
• Ways through which someone can appear (5S,T,M):
• Surface
• Shape
• Silhouette
• Shine
• Spacing
• Shadow
• Movement
• There are 2 types of targets: Simple & Difficult
• There are 4 Types of Ground:
• Irregular/Broken Ground
• High ground
• Open Ground
• Dead Ground
• Dividing Ground: There are 3 parts
• Foreground (upto 200m)
• Middle ground (200-600m)
• Farground (beyond 600m)
• Overestimating: Looking down from up (surrounding things are large, resulting in a small object)
• Underestimating: Looking upwards from down will surround the observer with smaill objects, resulting in a large object appearing small.
• Judging angle by hand is done maximum from 19 degrees
• Minimum for judging andgle by hand is 2 degrees
• Fire unit command: Usually the Fire unit is a section firing under command of commander
• Unit control: enable commander of FU to direct fire of his unit to enymy and Fire order
• Unit fire: the are in which fire unit will engage enemy
• Sequence of fire ofdder: G- grouping; R- range; I- Indication of target; & T- type of fire (single, burst, rapid)
• Fire control order has 4 types:
• Opportunity FO in this enemy is hidden, FUC is not able to locate them.
• Preparatory FO- activities of enemy are observed, then its commanded
• Fire is also ordered by the commander via other ways: Brief FO- when enemy runs, motion of enemy and Full FO- when enemy approaches in our range.
• Movements: Can be given via different way: With arms (5 types); Without arms (7 types)
• Field signals are given through the way: By hand, By weapon & By Whistle

Section Formation:

• Single file is Section formation: File formation Section formation
• Diamond formation: Section formation Arrow head formation formation Section
• Spear head formation: Section formation Extended line formation
• Order in single file:
• Rifleman 1/ Scout formation: Rifleman 2/ Scout Section - Commander formation:
• Rifleman 3/ Bomber
• Rifleman 4: Rocket launcher (1 & 2)
• Section 2 i/c: LMG (1 & 2)
• when passing throuhg a river/road, use File formation
• Best formation is done with diamond
• Platoon comes in these forms: With 1 up and 2 down & With 2 up and 1 down Wuth 3up formation Battle drill intimidates soldier: Intimates the soldier nature & is divided by -group; order

Principles of fire:

• Target covering fire should be over an enemy. Time should be taken between covering fire and attavkj.
• One bullet should eliminate an enemy
• Sentry: A soldier keeps guard and controls access to a place
• Patrolling has protection
• Reccw requires patrolling from a suspect, halted or temporRy enemy: the attack must come from a surprise and is conducted in 2s;

Ambushes can be:

• By Opportunity- w/o detailed planning
• By deliberation with detailed planning
• Company Structure is: Platoon- 3x section & Company- 3x platoon;
• Battalion4x: company & Brigade- 3x battalion
• Division- 3: to 4x brigade & Corps 3-4x divisions commands
• Operational and headquarters form the basis of the company Commands are run through central, army and training