Questions and Answers
Which staple foods are mandated to be fortified based on standards set by the DOH?
Fortification of processed foods or food products is not required for manufacturers who apply for the Sangkap Pinoy Seal.
False
What act amends Republic Act No. 7600 to expand breastfeeding promotion?
Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act
The National Nutrition Council (NCC) shall require other processed foods or food products to be __________ based on nutrition surveys.
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Match the following processed foods with their required fortification:
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Which of the following foods are allowed for a patient who has undergone tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy?
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A clear liquid diet is used for more than 48 hours following surgery.
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What characterizes a soft diet?
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A ________ diet is used for patients who are too ill to chew.
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Match the following diets with their descriptions:
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Which dietary modification is used for patients with liver problems?
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An elemental diet consists of solid foods.
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What is the purpose of a therapeutic diet?
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The ________ diet is a high-fat, low-carb diet often used for medical treatment of epilepsy.
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Which diet is typically low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol?
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What is the primary purpose of a modified diet?
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What is a normal diet also known as?
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Test meals are only used to determine food preferences.
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Which of the following is a type of test meal?
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Patients may initially be placed on a _____ diet.
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What type of diet may be prescribed for managing peptic ulcers?
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What is a key component of nutrition therapy for HIV/AIDS patients?
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Cirrhosis patients do not need to restrict fat intake.
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What is the role of bile in fat digestion?
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What should a patient with lactose intolerance avoid?
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What is the primary purpose of forming a team for the project?
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What types of literature should be reviewed for the project?
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Evidence obtained from at least 1 ______ study is needed for assessing the studies.
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Executive Orders are acts of Congress.
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What does the National Nutrition Council (NNC) primarily do?
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What is the purpose of the Food Fortification Act?
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The Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Act promotes bottle feeding as the first choice for infants.
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What is required of food-grade salt manufacturers according to the ASIN Law?
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The Consumer Act of the Philippines protects consumers against ______ acts.
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Which of the following is NOT a consumer right mentioned?
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Match the following Acts with their purposes:
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Study Notes
Therapeutic Diets
- A therapeutic diet is a meal plan that controls the intake of certain foods or nutrients, prescribed by a physician and planned by a dietician, to treat a medical condition.
- Purposes of therapeutic diets: decrease calories for weight control, manage certain medical conditions, and promote healing.
Standard Hospital Diets (Liquid Diets)
- Clear Liquid Diet: consists of liquids without residue or fibers, used to relieve thirst and maintain water balance, for 24-48 hours following acute vomiting, diarrhea, or surgery.
- Full Liquid Diet: nutritionally adequate diet consisting of fluids and foods that liquefy at body temperature, used for acute infections and fever of short duration, and for patients who are ill to chew.
Dietary Modification with Consistency
- Modified Consistency Diet: includes all foods allowed in a regular diet, based on individual tolerance, meeting all nutrition needs with healthy food choices.
- Pureed Diet: foods are cooked and pureed to a smooth consistency, used for patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing.
- Mechanical Soft Diet: foods are well-cooked, easy to chew, and chopped or minced, used for patients with dental problems or difficulty chewing.
Dietary Modification with Composition
- Low-Calorie Diet: restricts calorie intake, overseen by a physician, used for weight loss, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
- High-Calorie Diet: furnishes more calories than needed to maintain weight, used for people with liver disease, Huntington's disease, and cancer.
- Low-Sodium Diet: restricts sodium intake, used for people with heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease.
- Low-Potassium Diet: restricts potassium intake, used for people with kidney problems to prevent potassium buildup in the blood.
- High-Protein Diet: consists largely of protein-rich foods, used for protein depletion, severe burns, and sepsis.
- Low-Protein Diet: reduces protein intake, used for people with kidney or liver disease.
Specific Diets for Disease Conditions
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Acute Glomerulonephritis: low sodium, low cholesterol, and high carbohydrate diet.
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Addison's Disease: high sodium, low potassium diet.
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Cushing's Disease: high potassium, low sodium diet.
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Diabetes Mellitus: well-balanced diet with high fiber and carbohydrate control.
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Diverticulitis: low fiber diet.
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Heart Failure: low sodium, low cholesterol diet.
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Liver Cirrhosis: low protein, high calorie diet.
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Nephrotic Syndrome: low sodium, high protein diet.
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Ulcerative Colitis: high protein, high calorie, and low residue diet.### Diets
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Low Purine Diet: limits foods that contain purine to reduce uric acid production and prevent gout
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Low Fat Diet: reduces fat intake, especially saturated fat and cholesterol, to lower blood cholesterol levels and heart attack risk
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Low Carbohydrates Diet: restricts carbohydrate consumption for weight control or treatment of obesity
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BRAT Diet: banana, rice, apple, toast, for patients with diarrhea
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Butterball Diet: spare protein, high in CHO, for liver disorders
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Giordano Diet: spare protein, for patients with liver and kidney diseases
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Giordano-Giovannetti Diet: low-protein, low-fat, high-carbohydrate, controlled potassium and sodium, for chronic renal insufficiency and liver failure
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Kosher Diet: avoids mixing meat and milk, for Orthodox Jews
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Tyramine-rich Diet: avoids foods that trigger hypertensive crisis, for patients taking MAOI antidepressants
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South Beach Diet: balanced diet with right carbs and fats, for weight loss and health
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Monothropic Diet: single-food diet for weight reduction
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DASH Diet: high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, for hypertension
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Elemental Diet: liquid-only diet for ease of ingestion
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Ketogenic Diet: high-fat, low-carb, for epilepsy treatment
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Paleo Diet: focuses on meat, fish, eggs, seeds, nuts, fruits, and veggies, avoiding processed foods and sugar
Nutrition Education and Counseling
- Theories:
- Health Belief Model: predicts health behaviors based on patient beliefs and values
- Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior: explains behavior based on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control
- Self-Efficacy Theory: emphasizes personal confidence in achieving behavior change
- Models:
- Stages of Change Model: six stages of behavior change, from precontemplation to termination
- Teaching-Learning Process: four stages, from assessment to determination of behavior changes
- Therapeutic Alliance Model: partnership between caregiver and care receiver
Modified Diets
- For every patient, diets are tailored to their needs and conditions
- Modified diets are designed to meet specific nutritional requirements
- Examples: liquid diets, clear liquid diet, full liquid diet, soft diets, and normal diet
Diet Therapy
- Maintenance of normal nutrition, correction of nutritional deficiencies, and changes in body weight
- Adjusting body's ability to use one or more nutrients
- While improving, patients take appropriate diets to further improve health conditions
Test Meals
- Used for specific diagnostic tests, such as:
- Fecal Fat Determination: measures fat absorption
- Meat-free Test: detects GIT bleeding
- Calcium Test: determines urinary calcium excretion
- Serotonin Test: detects calcinoid tumors of the intestinal tract
Nutrition Therapy for Diseases
- Diabetes Mellitus: controlled carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake to manage blood sugar levels
- Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases:
- Peptic ulcer: bland diet with soft consistency and non-stimulating flavors
- Diverticular diseases: increase fiber intake with bran
- Obesity and Weight Control: low-calorie diet and exercise for weight loss and management### Whole Grains
- 1 gram of carbohydrates: 4 calories
- 1 gram of protein: 4 calories
- 1 gram of fat: 9 calories
- Fiber is important for preventing constipation and reducing muscle contractions
Celiac Sprue and Non-tropical Sprue
- Gluten intolerance
- Management includes:
- Removing gluten-containing foods from the diet
- High-protein diet with supplements of minerals and vitamins
- Roughly twice the number of carbohydrates as protein (11 grams of carbohydrates)
Ulcerative Colitis
- Inflammation of the colon and rectum
- Management includes:
- High-calorie, high-protein, high-vitamin, and high-mineral diet
- Avoiding heavy roughage to prevent irritation
- Low-residue diet in acute stages
Lactose Intolerance
- Condition caused by lactase deficiency
- Management includes:
- Lactose-restricted diet
- Avoiding milk, whey, and casein products
- Fat should be taken in moderation
Diarrhea
- Initial management: NPO for 12 hours with IVT support
- Foods rich in pectin help control intestinal gas
- High-fiber diet and liberal fluid intake are recommended
Constipation
- Management includes:
- High-fiber diet
- Liberal fluid intake
- Avoiding gas-producing foods
- Excluding foods that are high in fat and seasoned foods
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Management includes:
- Avoiding foods high in fat and eating small, frequent meals
- Maintaining ideal body weight
- Dietary management includes avoiding foods that affect lower esophageal sphincter pressure
Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases
- Atherosclerosis: low-fat, low-saturated fat, and low-cholesterol diet
- Increase in monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fats, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids
- Complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber increased to 25-30g/day
- Congestive heart failure: restrict sodium, use small, frequent meals, and liquid diet in initial stages
Nutrition Therapy for Diseases of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
- Hepatitis: diet high in calories, high in protein, and low in fat
- Pancreatitis: low-fat, low-elemental formulas in acute stages
- Cystic fibrosis: high-protein diet to compensate for fecal losses, with liberal fat intake
Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases (continued)
- Myocardial infarction: designed to reduce the workload of the heart
- Small, frequent meals, and liquid diet in initial stages
- Restricted foods: caffeine-containing beverages, sodium, cholesterol, fat, and calories
- Consumption of omega-3 fatty acid-rich foods may help reduce blood clots
Nutrition Therapy for Diseases of the Kidneys
- Acute glomerulonephritis: emphasis on overall nutritional needs, high-calorie, high-protein diet
- Malnutrition may result from nephrotic syndrome
- Sodium restriction may be necessary, and potassium and sodium controlled according to the patient's capacity to excrete them
Nutrition Therapy for Cancers
- Oral nutrition: high-calorie, high-protein diet
- Tube feedings may range from complete products to specialty products
- Total parenteral nutrition may be necessary when the digestive tract is not functioning well
Nutrition Therapy for Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
- Increase in omega-3 sources and decrease in saturated fats in the diet
- Vitamins and minerals increased to recommended levels
- Energy: 35-45 kcal/kg BW; Protein: 2-2.5 g/kg BW; Fats: moderate amount
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Description
This quiz covers modules 9-17 of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2nd year summer final exam 2022, focusing on dietary modification and therapy, nutrition education, and counseling for patients with specific health conditions.
