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Questions and Answers

What are the two major abiotic factors affecting crop production?

  • Soil & Water (correct)
  • Wind & Rainfall
  • Sunlight & Temperature
  • Nutrients & Oxygen

    • What are the main sources of agricultural water?

  • Rivers and Lakes
  • Sprinklers and Drip Systems
  • Precipitation and Irrigation (correct)
  • Groundwater and Surface Water

    • Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to support plant growth.

    True

    What are the three main types of soil texture?

    <p>Sand, Silt, and Clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of agricultural water in crop science?

    <p>To provide essential moisture for crop growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soil erosion is the process of soil particles detaching and being transported from one location to another.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the occurrence of water deficit in agriculture?

    <p>The lack or scarcity of precipitation or irrigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following soil and water conservation measures with their respective classifications

    <p>Contour canals = Structural Check dams = Structural Fascine/balabag = Structural Rock wall = Structural Soil pit/trap = Structural Drainage canals = Structural Hedgerow intercropping = Vegetative Alley cropping system = Vegetative Natural vegetative strips = Vegetative Multistorey system = Vegetative Bench terracing = Vengineering Fanya juu = Vengineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main purpose of water conservation is to trap and store as much water as possible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of soil conservation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor influencing soil erosion?

    <p>Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the quality of produce at harvest?

    <p>Plant variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quality of a commodity cannot be improved after harvest.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between under-mature and over-mature crops?

    <p>Under-mature crops lack full flavor and are susceptible to damage, while over-mature crops have a shorter shelf life and may be prone to spoilage or deterioration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of crop breeding?

    <p>To improve the genetic makeup of crops to increase productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three key processes involved in crop breeding?

    <p>Genetics, Breeding, and Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of genetic variability in crop breeding?

    <p>Genetic variability provides the foundation for crop breeding by offering a range of traits to select from and manipulate for improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crop breeding relies heavily on hybridization, with selection playing a minimal role.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term "germplasm".

    <p>Germplasm refers to the seeds and plants used as building blocks for developing new crop varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of germplasm conservation?

    <p>To preserve the genetic diversity of crops for future breeding programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is NOT a characteristic of an improved crop variety?

    <p>Reduced nutrient content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of cross-pollination in crop breeding?

    <p>Cross-pollination allows for the exploitation of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, resulting in offspring with enhanced traits and vigor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT typically used for generating variability in self-pollinated crops?

    <p>Vegetative propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "fix desirable traits" refers to the goal of breeding self-pollinated crops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of breeding cross-pollinated crops?

    <p>To exploit heterosis, or hybrid vigor, by maximizing the benefits of combining different genetic backgrounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly used non-conventional breeding method?

    <p>Inbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genome editing refers to the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to precisely modify DNA sequences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle behind recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Recombinant DNA technology involves introducing specific genes into a crop's genome to enhance traits, creating genetically modified organisms or GMOs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "cisgenics" refers to the use of genes from the same or closely related species in genetic modification.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Phenotype = The appearance or measurement of a character Genotype = The genetic constitution of an individual Environment = Comprises all external factors influencing gene expression Plant genetic resources = Any plant genetic material of potential use for food and agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The success of crop breeding relies heavily on the availability of plant genetic resources.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly used plant genetic resource in crop breeding?

    <p>Synthetic clone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Germplasm conservation is a crucial aspect of plant breeding ensuring the continued availability of genetic diversity for future crop improvement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common method for generating variability in crop breeding?

    <p>Clonal propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of controlled pollination involves ensuring that the female parent receives pollen only from the desired male parent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early generation breeding focuses on generating a large number of lines and comparing them to their parent lines.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of multi-location trials in advanced generation breeding?

    <p>Multi-location trials are conducted to assess the performance and adaptability of selected lines under diverse environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of participatory varietal selection (PVS) is to identify varieties that are preferred by farmers and perform well in specific locations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed germination is the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three key factors required for seed germination?

    <p>Water, Temperature, and Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A viable seed is one that cannot germinate under suitable conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define seed dormancy.

    <p>Seed dormancy refers to a condition where a viable seed is prevented from germinating even under favorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed viability refers to the seed's ability to germinate and produce a healthy seedling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key attribute of seed quality?

    <p>Seed storage capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of seed health in crop production?

    <p>Seed health influences the ability of a seed to establish a healthy crop, free from pests and pathogens, contributing to overall plant vigor and resilience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tetrazolium test is a rapid, chemical-based test for assessing seed viability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flotation test is used to identify seeds that are completely filled and have a good chance of germination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main factors determining the longevity of seeds in storage?

    <p>Seed moisture content and storage temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desiccants help to reduce the moisture content of seeds, contributing to their longevity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly used type of seed storage system based on duration?

    <p>Ultra-long-term storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a long-term storage facility designed to preserve the genetic diversity of crops for future generations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed dormancy is a desirable trait that ensures successful germination in all cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between hypogeal and epigeal germination?

    <p>In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the soil surface, while in epigeal germination, the cotyledons are raised above the soil surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Precocious germination, or vivipary, occurs when a seed germinates while still attached to the parent plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed quality attributes encompass physical characteristics, genetic purity, physiological quality, and seed health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high germination rate is a key indicator of seed vigor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed health refers to the absence of pests and pathogens on or within the seed, ensuring a healthy start for the developing plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-conventional breeding methods are primarily based on molecular and genetic engineering techniques.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of mutation breeding is to artificially induce genetic mutations, expanding the genetic diversity of crops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding?

    <p>MAS helps enhance efficiency and precision in breeding by using DNA markers linked to desirable traits to select plants, leading to faster and more accurate selection processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double haploid (DH) technology assists in generating homozygous lines in a single generation, hastening the breeding process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genome editing is a precise technique that involves modifications to the DNA sequence using tools like CRISPR-Cas9.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of 'products of crop breeding' in the context of this document?

    <p>To showcase examples of improved crop varieties developed through various breeding programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conventional and conventional crop breeding?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acronym 'PVS' represents 'Participatory Varietal Selection', emphasizing the involvement of farmers in the selection process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic procedure for crop breeding involves generating genetic variability, followed by selection and evaluation of desired traits, and eventually, multiplication and distribution of improved varieties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of crop breeding is to develop crops that can perform well in a wide range of environments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crop breeding is a complex process that requires a comprehensive understanding of genetics, breeding techniques, and the needs of farmers and consumers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • This material is reproduced for educational use only.
    • Reproduction or communication for any other purpose is prohibited without permission.
    • Copyright protection applies to the material.

    Exercise 4: Soil and Water Conservation and Management

    • Learning Outcomes:
      • Students will describe the importance of soil and water as abiotic factors for crop growth.
      • Students will distinguish soil and water conservation measures (SCWM) in sloping agricultural lands (SALT).
      • Students will establish contour lines using an A-frame.

    Soil

    • Soil is a mixture of minerals, soil organic matter, living organisms, gas, and water.
    • In agriculture, it is a growth medium for crops and a source of minerals and nutrients.
    • It's a major input in farming (along with land, labor, and capital).

    Agricultural Water

    • Essential for crop growth and development.
    • Main sources are precipitation (rainfall) and irrigation (surface water and groundwater).

    Water Sources

    • Rainfall is natural precipitation in the Philippines.
    • Four types of Corona climate classification exist, with two seasons (dry and wet).
    • Irrigation is artificial water application for agriculture.
    • Sources include surface water and groundwater.

    Soil Descriptors

    • Soil texture includes proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
    • Soil structure involves shapes like columnar, platy, and blocky.
    • Soil color can vary (brown, gray, orange, red).
    • Soil horizons/layers are distinct layers in soil.
    • Soil fertility describes soil's ability to support plant growth.

    Cropping Systems Based on Slope

    • Upland: Slopes ≥18%, rainfed, subsistence-level production.
    • Lowland: Slopes <18%, rainfed or irrigated, intensive cropping.
    • Upland watersheds regulate water flow downstream.
    • Erosion causes siltation and flooding downstream.
    • Lowlands provide markets for uplands.

    Problems with Soil and Water

    • Soil Degradation: Soil diminishes over time, losing nutrients, and undergoing erosion, impacting plant health. Water isn't always available when and where needed.
    • Soil Erosion: Soil detachment and transportation by water, wind, or mass movement, influenced by climate, impacts plant health and quality.
    • Water Deficit: Dry spells, drought, and phenomena like El Niño cause scarcity of water, reducing yields.

    Soil and Water Conservation and Management

    • Soil Conservation: Preventing and reducing soil loss from erosion, increasing water absorption to decrease runoff.
    • Water Conservation: Trapping and storing water to increase soil moisture and avoid rapid runoff.

    Classification of Soil and Water Conservation Methods (SWCM)

    • Structural methods: Contour canals, check dams, fascines/balabags, rock walls, soil pits/traps, and drainage canals.
    • Vegetative methods: Hedgerow intercropping, alley cropping, natural vegetative strips, and multi-storey systems.
    • Engineering methods: Bench terracing, fanya juu

    Activities

    • Demonstration of various SWCM: Demonstrations of different SWCM techniques.
    • Establishment of Contour Lines: Contour lines using A-frames.

    Water Conserving Strategies

    • Drip or Micro-irrigation: Conserves 50-70% more water.
    • Bottle Irrigation: Water conservation method.
    • Plastic Container: Rainwater collection for seedling irrigation

    Subsurface Irrigation

    • Water conservation method with improved crop yields, no surface evaporation, and decreased labor requirements.

    Exercise 6: Identification and Classification of Crop Pest Based on Morphological Traits and Damage Characteristics

    • Learning Outcomes: Identify economically important crop pests, describe their damage, and discuss their impact on productivity and quality.

    Pests

    • Invertebrate pests: Insects, mites, mollusks.
    • Vertebrate pests: Rodents, birds.
    • Weeds: Unwanted plants that compete with crops for resources.
    • Pathogens: Organisms that cause disease.

    Why is it important to recognize pests?

    • Pests cause damage that reduces crop yield and quality.

    How pests damage crops?

    • Pests directly harm plant tissues or physiological processes like photosynthesis. Also impacting water, nutrient and light.

    Pests' Nature of Damage

    • Direct damage to plant organs
    • Impairment of physiological processes (photosynthesis, water absorption).
    • Competition for resources (water, nutrients, and light).
    • Complete plant killing.
    • Negative impact of quality and quantity.

    Examples of pests in different crops: rice, corn, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and industrial crops

    Exercise 7: Crop Maturity Indices

    • Learning Outcomes: Differentiate commercial from physiological maturity, identify harvest maturity methods, recognize maturity indices, and discuss the importance of harvesting crops at the correct maturity stage.

    Harvesting

    • Quality: Established at harvest
    • Improvement: Quality cannot be improved after harvest.
    • Related to harvest method, time, and maturity.

    Crop Physiological State at Harvest

    • Immature crop: Poor taste, short shelf-life, susceptible to pathogens.
    • Over-mature crop: Short shelf-life, poor texture, off-odor.

    Unique morpho-anatomical features of mature commodities

    • Characteristics: Full development of flavor and aroma chemicals, maximum respiratory substrates, fewer stomates, thicker cuticle
    • Contribution to quality maintenance: Better and improved taste and appearance, slower senescence, lesser transpiration, less susceptible to mechanical stress, and fewer pathogens.

    Types of Maturity (Growth, Maturation, Ripening, and Senescence)

    • Examples include, stages for sweet potatoes, squash, cucumbers, green beans, etc.

    Commercial or Horticultural Maturity

    • The stage when a plant part has characteristics desirable to customers (e.g., green papaya for tinola, okra).
    • Basis for harvest decisions.

    Maturity Indices

    • Observable signs of a crop's readiness to be harvested (e.g., changes in color, shape, firmness, size)

    Types of Maturity Indices (Subjective & Objective)

    • Subjective: Visual observation (color, shape), physical evaluation (taste, touch).
    • Objective: Chemical measurement (TSS, TA), physical measurement (specific gravity, firmness).

    Exercise 8: Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Storage

    • Learning Outcomes: Define germination, viability, and dormancy; explain seed quality attributes; classify seeds; perform special treatment to release dormancy; and discuss the influence of seed moisture and temperature on seed longevity during storage.

    Key Terminologies

    • Germination: The process where a seed develops into a seedling.
    • Viability: A seed's ability to germinate.
    • Dormancy: A seed's inability to germinate even with favorable conditions.

    Germination (Phases)

    • Stages of imbibition for normal conditions
    • Metabolic processes initiation
    • Radicle emergence - food reserve mobilization

    Requirements for Seed Germination

    • Viable embryo, appropriate environmental conditions (temp, water, oxygen, light), overcome seed dormancy if present.

    Types of Germination

    • Hypogeal: Seedling growth in which cotyledons stay below the soil surface.
    • Epigeal: Seedling growth in which cotyledons are raised above the soil surface.

    Seed Dormancy

    • Condition where seed coat or embryo (physiological) prohibits germination.

    Seed Quality Attributes

    • Physical: Uniform shape, size, weight, absence of defects.
    • Physiological: Germination rate, vigor.
    • Seed Health: Absence of pathogens, pests.

    Standardized Tests for Seed Viability

    • Germination Test: Estimating the maximum number of seeds that can germinate in optimum conditions.
    • Flotation Test: Identifying incompletely filled or empty seeds.
    • Tetrazolium Test: Determines live/dead cells within a seed, and enzyme activity measures viability.

    Types of Seed Storage Systems

    • Short-term: Less than 2 years (ambient, refrigerator)
    • Medium-term: 2-10 years (genebanks, seedsmen)
    • Long-term: More than a decade (-18°C, airtight containers)

    Exercise 9: Crop Breeding

    • Learning Outcomes: Explain crop breeding procedures, examine floral structure/pollination, and define breeding goals.

    History of Crop Breeding

    • Humans have been modifying crops for 10,000 years through selection.
    • Extensive genetic changes have occurred from wild ancestors.

    What is Crop Breeding?

    • Crop breeding is the art, science, and business of improving crops genetically to increase productivity.
    • Success depends on genetic variation. Breeding involves intercrossing individuals and successive generations.

    Crop Breeding (Genetics, Breeding, Selection)

    • Genetics: The study of heredity and variation in organisms.
    • Breeding: Controlling reproduction and offspring properties.
    • Selection: Choosing individuals with desirable traits for propagation.

    Generating Variability (Methods)

    • Migration/Introduction: Introducing new genetic material from other regions.
    • Hybridisation: Combining traits from different parents.
    • Self-pollinated crops: Emasculating the female parent to avoid self-pollination and transfer pollen from the male parent.
    • Cross-pollinated crops: Carefully crossing male and female lines.

    Breeding Methods for Self- and Cross-Pollinated Crops

    • Self-pollinated: Pedigree selection, mass selection, single seed descent, bulk method, backcrossing.
    • Cross-pollinated: Recurrent selection, progeny selection, synthetic varieties, hybrid breeding, population breeding.

    Non-Conventional Breeding Methods

    • Mutation breeding: Inducing mutations using physical or chemical mutagens.
    • Marker-assisted selection (MAS): Using DNA markers linked to desirable traits.
    • Double haploids (DH) technology: Generating homozygous lines in a single generation.
    • Genome editing: Precise modifications of DNA using CRISPR-Cas9.

    Products of Crop Breeding

    • Examples of improved varieties.

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