History and Legislation in SPED
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What is one of the main goals of Procedural Safeguards in special education?

  • To ensure students with disabilities are excluded from general education
  • To protect the rights of students with disabilities and their parents (correct)
  • To manage the financial costs of special education exclusively
  • To provide unlimited resources for schools

Which principle encourages active participation of parents and students in the IEP process?

  • Parent and Student Participation (correct)
  • Least Restrictive Environment
  • Individualized Education Program
  • Free Appropriate Public Education

What requirement does the Appropriate Evaluation principle entail?

  • Parents can choose whether to have their child evaluated at all
  • Regular evaluations are necessary to identify student needs (correct)
  • Evaluations are optional for determining educational needs
  • Students should only be evaluated once at the end of the school year

What is the main focus of the Least Restrictive Environment principle?

<p>To promote inclusive education settings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Free Appropriate Public Education ensure for students with disabilities?

<p>It guarantees that education is free and tailored to individual needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiative did President John F. Kennedy establish in 1961 to address challenges faced by individuals with disabilities?

<p>Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization did Eunice Kennedy Shriver found in 1968 to promote inclusion and athletic achievement for individuals with disabilities?

<p>Special Olympics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In JFK's view, what is essential for a nation's future regarding its citizens?

<p>Care for less fortunate citizens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did parents play in the movement for disability rights?

<p>Taking legal action when rights were violated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many participants does the Special Olympics serve globally?

<p>2.5 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key areas of focus in the growing national dialogue during JFK's presidency?

<p>Civil rights for all individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the legacy of JFK regarding disability rights?

<p>He raised awareness and initiated significant programs for the disabled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'social climate' refer to in the context of disability rights during JFK's era?

<p>The national focus on individual rights, including those of people with disabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle prevents schools from excluding students with intellectual disabilities?

<p>Zero Reject (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act mandated that each student must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

<p>Public Law 94-142 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one requirement schools must follow regarding testing under Public Law 94-142?

<p>Testing must consider the student's disability and native language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature ensures that students with disabilities are educated alongside their non-disabled peers?

<p>Least Restrictive Environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, what does FAPE stand for?

<p>Free Appropriate Public Education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major ruling in Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia?

<p>Schools cannot suspend or expel students with disabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement under the Parent Participation feature of Public Law 94-142?

<p>Schools must involve parents in educational decisions and meetings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Zero Reject principle, what is the implication for schools regarding students with disabilities?

<p>They cannot refuse to educate any student with a disability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?

<p>Discrimination against any group is illegal under the 14th Amendment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Brown v. Board of Education impact advocacy for individuals with disabilities?

<p>It provided a precedent for challenging segregation based on ability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of the social climate in the 1960s regarding special education?

<p>Increased focus on individual rights for historically discriminated groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did parents of students with disabilities advocate for after Brown v. Board of Education?

<p>Enhanced educational opportunities and inclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching principle was reinforced by the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

<p>The necessity of equal protection under the law for all individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary concerns of parents opposing segregated special schools?

<p>They argued that these schools were not suitable for many students. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education relate to the rights of individuals with disabilities?

<p>It set a legal precedent for challenging disabilities-based discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was recognized as having their rights violated due to arbitrary discrimination after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

<p>Children with disabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) regarding the education environment for students with disabilities?

<p>Should be in the least restrictive environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

<p>To provide a written plan for special education services tailored to individual student needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Zero Reject principle in special education?

<p>No students with disabilities can be excluded from public schools. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the role of parents in the IEP process?

<p>They must actively participate in developing and revising the IEP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FAPE stand for in the context of special education?

<p>Free Appropriate Public Education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often must the IEP be reviewed and revised?

<p>Once a year. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Appropriate Evaluation' refer to in the context of IDEA?

<p>Evaluations to determine qualifying disabilities and educational needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does transition planning and services become a focus in the IEP process?

<p>Age 14 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be included in an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

<p>Specific goals, services, and accommodations tailored to the student (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle reflects the importance of evaluating students before they receive special education services?

<p>Appropriate Evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures that students with disabilities are placed in an educational setting with their non-disabled peers whenever possible?

<p>Least Restrictive Environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key principle requires that parents and students are actively involved in making decisions regarding the IEP?

<p>Parent and Student Participation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Procedural Safeguards provide to students with disabilities and their parents?

<p>Legal protections and access to information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the Zero Reject principle in education for students with disabilities?

<p>All students must be provided with appropriate education opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Individualized Education Program (IEP) contribute to the educational experience of students with disabilities?

<p>It ensures that each student's goals and necessary services are clearly defined. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was established by the Mills v. Board of Education ruling?

<p>Students with disabilities must receive an appropriate public education regardless of their condition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Public Law 94-142 emphasizes family involvement in special education?

<p>Parent Participation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key principle of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ensures that students are educated alongside their non-disabled peers?

<p>Least Restrictive Environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania case?

<p>Schools must not exclude students with mental retardation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features focuses on ensuring fair testing practices for students with disabilities?

<p>Nondiscriminatory Testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 1990 reauthorization of Public Law 94-142 change its name to?

<p>Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precedent was set by the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education regarding educational discrimination?

<p>Arbitrary discrimination against any group is illegal under the 14th Amendment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant movement emerged in the 1960s concerning individuals with disabilities?

<p>A focus on individual rights and educational opportunities for people with disabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did parents of students with disabilities take against school districts during the 1960s?

<p>They initiated legal action when their children's rights were violated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major advocacy theme highlighted by President John F. Kennedy regarding individuals with disabilities?

<p>Raising public awareness about the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did parents argue about the segregation of students with disabilities following the Brown decision?

<p>Segregation violated their children's right to equal education under the 14th Amendment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education influence future discrimination cases?

<p>It established a legal foundation for challenging various forms of discrimination, including disability discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did JFK's initiation of the Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation signify?

<p>A governmental acknowledgment of the need to address educational and societal challenges faced by individuals with disabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the social climate of the 1960s in relation to special education?

<p>Activism led to an increased demand for equal rights and educational opportunities for individuals with disabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brown v. Board of Education

The Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional because it violates the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

Equal Protection Clause

The 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause guarantees that no person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Legal Precedent

The legal principle where a previous court ruling serves as a basis for future decisions in similar cases.

Disability Advocacy

The process of advocating for the rights and well-being of individuals with disabilities, ensuring they receive equal opportunities and treatment.

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The Movement for Special Education

The social movement of the 1960s that emphasized equal rights and opportunities for all, including individuals with disabilities.

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Parental Advocacy

The active involvement of parents in demanding better educational opportunities for their children with disabilities.

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Segregated Special Schools

Schools designed solely for students with disabilities, often segregated from general education schools.

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Opposition to Segregated Special Schools

The viewpoint that segregated special schools were not suitable for many students with disabilities and that integration and inclusion were essential.

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JFK's Advocacy

Public awareness about the challenges faced by individuals with mental and physical disabilities was raised by President John F. Kennedy.

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Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation

The Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation was established in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy.

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Eunice Kennedy Shriver's Legacy

The continued advocacy of Eunice Kennedy Shriver after her brother's assassination ensured that the momentum for disability rights was sustained.

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Special Olympics

The Special Olympics, founded by Eunice Kennedy Shriver in 1968, is an organization that promotes inclusion and athletic achievement for people with intellectual disabilities.

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Parental Advocacy for Disability Rights

Parents played a crucial role in advocating for their children's rights and securing better educational opportunities for them.

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Social Climate and Disability Rights

The growing national focus on individual rights, including those of people with disabilities, contributed to the advancement of disability rights.

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Driving Forces for Disability Rights

The combined efforts of parents, JFK's leadership, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver's continued advocacy created a powerful force that drove the disability rights movement forward.

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Landmark Cases of the Early 1970s

The landmark cases of the early 1970s marked a pivotal moment in the struggle for disability rights. These cases helped to establish legal protections for individuals with disabilities.

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Zero Reject Principle

Schools must accept all students, regardless of their disability, ensuring no child is left behind. This guarantees educational access for everyone.

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Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

Schools must offer a free education that is appropriate to the student's individual needs and goals.

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No Exclusion From Schools

Students with disabilities are not allowed to be removed from public schools. They have the right to attend and learn alongside their peers.

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PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972)

This landmark case established the right of students with mental retardation (now referred to as intellectual disabilities) to attend public schools. It laid the foundation for the Zero Reject principle.

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Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972)

This case solidified the idea that schools cannot expel students with disabilities. It emphasized the right to a free and suitable education for all.

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P.L. 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) (1975)

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) passed in 1975, which outlined crucial principles for educating students with disabilities.

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Individualized Education Program (IEP)

An individualized education program designed for each student with disabilities. It outlines specific goals and services needed for their unique needs.

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Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

Students with disabilities must be included in regular classrooms whenever possible. This ensures they learn alongside their peers without unnecessary separation.

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Due Process

A set of rules and procedures that protect families during disagreements with school districts.

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Appropriate Evaluation

Evaluation determines if a student qualifies for special education services and identifies their needs.

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Parent and Student Participation

Parents and students are involved in making decisions about the student's education.

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Disability Effects

Special education services must address the effects of a disability on a student's education.

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Native Language

Legal protection that ensures students have access to their native language while receiving special education services.

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Movement for Special Education

The social movement of the 1960s focused on individual rights, including disability rights, leading to demands for equal access to education and resources.

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JFK's Advocacy for Disability Rights

JFK's brother, Rosemary, had a cognitive disability, which influenced him to advocate for the rights of people with disabilities, leading to the creation of the Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation.

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Legal Precedent for Disability Advocacy

This case argued that children with disabilities were denied equal education under the 14th Amendment, paving the way for inclusive education.

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Zero Reject

The principle that all students, regardless of their disability, have the right to receive a free and appropriate education.

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Parent Participation

The right of parents to participate in educational decisions for their children with disabilities.

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PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

A landmark case that established the right of students with intellectual disabilities to attend public schools, laying the foundation for the Zero Reject principle.

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Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia

A landmark case that affirmed that schools cannot expel students with disabilities, ensuring they have the right to receive a free and suitable publicly supported education.

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)

A federal law that guarantees a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) to all children with disabilities, regardless of the severity of their disability.

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What is an IEP?

A written plan created for each student requiring special education services. It outlines goals, services, and accommodations tailored to their individual needs, and is developed, reviewed, and revised annually by a team including educators, parents, the student (when applicable), and others with expertise.

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What is the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)?

This principle ensures that students with disabilities are educated alongside non-disabled peers to the maximum extent possible. It aims to minimize unnecessary separation and promote inclusion.

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What are Procedural Safeguards?

This ensures that students with disabilities and their parents have their rights protected. It gives parents access to information and legal safeguards to actively participate in the special education process.

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What is Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)?

This principle guarantees that all students with disabilities have access to a free, appropriate public education tailored to their unique needs.

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What is Appropriate Evaluation?

Before receiving special education services, students must be assessed to determine if they qualify as a 'child with a disability' under IDEA. This helps identify their specific educational needs.

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Study Notes

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

  • Ruled that arbitrary discrimination against any group, including people with disabilities, is illegal under the 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause).
  • Set legal precedent for future disability rights cases.
  • Recognition that segregation denied access to education for students with disabilities.

Movement for Special Education (1960s)

  • Increased focus on individual rights, including those of people with disabilities.
  • Parental advocacy for better educational opportunities.
  • Opposition to segregated special schools and classes, advocating for inclusion with non-disabled peers.
  • President John F. Kennedy raised awareness of the challenges faced by people with disabilities. This awareness stemmed, at least partially, from his sister, Rosemary Kennedy, who had a cognitive disability.
  • JFK's advocacy resulted in the Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation.

Landmark Cases (Early 1970s)

  • Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972): Established the "Zero Reject" principle, meaning schools cannot exclude students with disabilities.
  • All students need a "Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)."
  • Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia (1972): Determined that schools cannot exclude or expel students with disabilities. The ruling demanded a free and suitable education for students with disabilities.

Public Law (P.L.) 94-142 (1975)

  • Also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA).
  • Established key features:
    • Zero Reject: ensuring FAPE for all children with disabilities.
    • Parent Participation: involving parents in educational decisions.
    • Individualized Education Program (IEP): outlining goals and services.
    • Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): placing students with disabilities with non-disabled peers as much as possible.
    • Nondiscriminatory Testing: considering student's native language and disability effects during testing.
    • Due Process: protecting families during conflicts with school districts.
    • Later reauthorized and renamed IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act).

IDEA (2004)

  • Six key principles:
    • Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE): Tailoring education to individual needs.
    • Appropriate Evaluation: evaluating students to determine eligibility for special education. This evaluation determines if the student qualifies as a "child with a disability" and details their educational needs
    • Individualized Education Program (IEP): A written plan for students developed, reviewed, updated annually.
    • Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): students with disabilities should be educated alongside non-disabled peers.
    • Parent and Student Participation: parents and students involved in IEP development and educational placements.
    • Procedural Safeguards: safeguarding student and parent rights.

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Description

Explore the pivotal legal cases and movements that shaped the landscape of special education in the United States. This quiz examines the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education and its impact on disability rights, alongside the advocacy for inclusive education that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.

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