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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main goals of Procedural Safeguards in special education?
What is one of the main goals of Procedural Safeguards in special education?
Which principle encourages active participation of parents and students in the IEP process?
Which principle encourages active participation of parents and students in the IEP process?
What requirement does the Appropriate Evaluation principle entail?
What requirement does the Appropriate Evaluation principle entail?
What is the main focus of the Least Restrictive Environment principle?
What is the main focus of the Least Restrictive Environment principle?
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What does Free Appropriate Public Education ensure for students with disabilities?
What does Free Appropriate Public Education ensure for students with disabilities?
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What initiative did President John F. Kennedy establish in 1961 to address challenges faced by individuals with disabilities?
What initiative did President John F. Kennedy establish in 1961 to address challenges faced by individuals with disabilities?
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Which organization did Eunice Kennedy Shriver found in 1968 to promote inclusion and athletic achievement for individuals with disabilities?
Which organization did Eunice Kennedy Shriver found in 1968 to promote inclusion and athletic achievement for individuals with disabilities?
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In JFK's view, what is essential for a nation's future regarding its citizens?
In JFK's view, what is essential for a nation's future regarding its citizens?
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What role did parents play in the movement for disability rights?
What role did parents play in the movement for disability rights?
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How many participants does the Special Olympics serve globally?
How many participants does the Special Olympics serve globally?
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What was one of the key areas of focus in the growing national dialogue during JFK's presidency?
What was one of the key areas of focus in the growing national dialogue during JFK's presidency?
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Which statement best summarizes the legacy of JFK regarding disability rights?
Which statement best summarizes the legacy of JFK regarding disability rights?
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What does the term 'social climate' refer to in the context of disability rights during JFK's era?
What does the term 'social climate' refer to in the context of disability rights during JFK's era?
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What principle prevents schools from excluding students with intellectual disabilities?
What principle prevents schools from excluding students with intellectual disabilities?
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Which act mandated that each student must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
Which act mandated that each student must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
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What is one requirement schools must follow regarding testing under Public Law 94-142?
What is one requirement schools must follow regarding testing under Public Law 94-142?
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What key feature ensures that students with disabilities are educated alongside their non-disabled peers?
What key feature ensures that students with disabilities are educated alongside their non-disabled peers?
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In the context of PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, what does FAPE stand for?
In the context of PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, what does FAPE stand for?
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What was a major ruling in Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia?
What was a major ruling in Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia?
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Which of the following is a requirement under the Parent Participation feature of Public Law 94-142?
Which of the following is a requirement under the Parent Participation feature of Public Law 94-142?
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Under the Zero Reject principle, what is the implication for schools regarding students with disabilities?
Under the Zero Reject principle, what is the implication for schools regarding students with disabilities?
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What was the key ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?
What was the key ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?
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How did Brown v. Board of Education impact advocacy for individuals with disabilities?
How did Brown v. Board of Education impact advocacy for individuals with disabilities?
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What was a significant aspect of the social climate in the 1960s regarding special education?
What was a significant aspect of the social climate in the 1960s regarding special education?
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What did parents of students with disabilities advocate for after Brown v. Board of Education?
What did parents of students with disabilities advocate for after Brown v. Board of Education?
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What overarching principle was reinforced by the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?
What overarching principle was reinforced by the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?
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What was one of the primary concerns of parents opposing segregated special schools?
What was one of the primary concerns of parents opposing segregated special schools?
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How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education relate to the rights of individuals with disabilities?
How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education relate to the rights of individuals with disabilities?
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Which group was recognized as having their rights violated due to arbitrary discrimination after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?
Which group was recognized as having their rights violated due to arbitrary discrimination after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?
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What is one of the key principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) regarding the education environment for students with disabilities?
What is one of the key principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) regarding the education environment for students with disabilities?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
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What is the significance of the Zero Reject principle in special education?
What is the significance of the Zero Reject principle in special education?
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Which statement accurately reflects the role of parents in the IEP process?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of parents in the IEP process?
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What does FAPE stand for in the context of special education?
What does FAPE stand for in the context of special education?
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How often must the IEP be reviewed and revised?
How often must the IEP be reviewed and revised?
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What does the term 'Appropriate Evaluation' refer to in the context of IDEA?
What does the term 'Appropriate Evaluation' refer to in the context of IDEA?
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At what age does transition planning and services become a focus in the IEP process?
At what age does transition planning and services become a focus in the IEP process?
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What must be included in an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
What must be included in an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?
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Which principle reflects the importance of evaluating students before they receive special education services?
Which principle reflects the importance of evaluating students before they receive special education services?
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What ensures that students with disabilities are placed in an educational setting with their non-disabled peers whenever possible?
What ensures that students with disabilities are placed in an educational setting with their non-disabled peers whenever possible?
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Which key principle requires that parents and students are actively involved in making decisions regarding the IEP?
Which key principle requires that parents and students are actively involved in making decisions regarding the IEP?
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What do Procedural Safeguards provide to students with disabilities and their parents?
What do Procedural Safeguards provide to students with disabilities and their parents?
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What is the primary implication of the Zero Reject principle in education for students with disabilities?
What is the primary implication of the Zero Reject principle in education for students with disabilities?
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How does the Individualized Education Program (IEP) contribute to the educational experience of students with disabilities?
How does the Individualized Education Program (IEP) contribute to the educational experience of students with disabilities?
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Which of the following was established by the Mills v. Board of Education ruling?
Which of the following was established by the Mills v. Board of Education ruling?
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What aspect of Public Law 94-142 emphasizes family involvement in special education?
What aspect of Public Law 94-142 emphasizes family involvement in special education?
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What key principle of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ensures that students are educated alongside their non-disabled peers?
What key principle of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ensures that students are educated alongside their non-disabled peers?
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What was a significant outcome of the Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania case?
What was a significant outcome of the Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania case?
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Which of the following features focuses on ensuring fair testing practices for students with disabilities?
Which of the following features focuses on ensuring fair testing practices for students with disabilities?
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What did the 1990 reauthorization of Public Law 94-142 change its name to?
What did the 1990 reauthorization of Public Law 94-142 change its name to?
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What precedent was set by the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education regarding educational discrimination?
What precedent was set by the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education regarding educational discrimination?
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Which significant movement emerged in the 1960s concerning individuals with disabilities?
Which significant movement emerged in the 1960s concerning individuals with disabilities?
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What action did parents of students with disabilities take against school districts during the 1960s?
What action did parents of students with disabilities take against school districts during the 1960s?
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What was a major advocacy theme highlighted by President John F. Kennedy regarding individuals with disabilities?
What was a major advocacy theme highlighted by President John F. Kennedy regarding individuals with disabilities?
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What did parents argue about the segregation of students with disabilities following the Brown decision?
What did parents argue about the segregation of students with disabilities following the Brown decision?
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How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education influence future discrimination cases?
How did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education influence future discrimination cases?
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What did JFK's initiation of the Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation signify?
What did JFK's initiation of the Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation signify?
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What conclusion can be drawn about the social climate of the 1960s in relation to special education?
What conclusion can be drawn about the social climate of the 1960s in relation to special education?
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Study Notes
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Ruled that arbitrary discrimination against any group, including people with disabilities, is illegal under the 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause).
- Set legal precedent for future disability rights cases.
- Recognition that segregation denied access to education for students with disabilities.
Movement for Special Education (1960s)
- Increased focus on individual rights, including those of people with disabilities.
- Parental advocacy for better educational opportunities.
- Opposition to segregated special schools and classes, advocating for inclusion with non-disabled peers.
- President John F. Kennedy raised awareness of the challenges faced by people with disabilities. This awareness stemmed, at least partially, from his sister, Rosemary Kennedy, who had a cognitive disability.
- JFK's advocacy resulted in the Presidential Panel on Mental Retardation.
Landmark Cases (Early 1970s)
- Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972): Established the "Zero Reject" principle, meaning schools cannot exclude students with disabilities.
- All students need a "Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)."
- Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia (1972): Determined that schools cannot exclude or expel students with disabilities. The ruling demanded a free and suitable education for students with disabilities.
Public Law (P.L.) 94-142 (1975)
- Also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA).
- Established key features:
- Zero Reject: ensuring FAPE for all children with disabilities.
- Parent Participation: involving parents in educational decisions.
- Individualized Education Program (IEP): outlining goals and services.
- Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): placing students with disabilities with non-disabled peers as much as possible.
- Nondiscriminatory Testing: considering student's native language and disability effects during testing.
- Due Process: protecting families during conflicts with school districts.
- Later reauthorized and renamed IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act).
IDEA (2004)
- Six key principles:
- Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE): Tailoring education to individual needs.
- Appropriate Evaluation: evaluating students to determine eligibility for special education. This evaluation determines if the student qualifies as a "child with a disability" and details their educational needs
- Individualized Education Program (IEP): A written plan for students developed, reviewed, updated annually.
- Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): students with disabilities should be educated alongside non-disabled peers.
- Parent and Student Participation: parents and students involved in IEP development and educational placements.
- Procedural Safeguards: safeguarding student and parent rights.
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Description
Explore the pivotal legal cases and movements that shaped the landscape of special education in the United States. This quiz examines the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education and its impact on disability rights, alongside the advocacy for inclusive education that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.
