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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of performing a bronchoscopy?
What is the key feature of the bronchoscope that allows it to function effectively?
Which type of bronchoscope is typically used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures?
Which of the following is NOT a preparatory guideline for a patient undergoing bronchoscopy?
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Which of these treatments can be performed during bronchoscopy?
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What might bronchoscopy be used to diagnose?
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What is advised for a patient to avoid consuming after the bronchoscopy?
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What position should a patient typically be in during a bronchoscopy?
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What are some common indications for performing a colonoscopy?
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Which of the following poses a potential contraindication to performing a colonoscopy?
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What is a key aspect of preparing for a colonoscopy?
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Which method can be utilized during a colonoscopy for a more detailed examination?
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What is a disadvantage of colonoscopy that examiners must consider during the procedure?
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What is a key characteristic of the terminal ileum?
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What is indicated by the presence of a roomy lumen in the cecum?
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Which procedure is commonly used for hemostasis in colorectal pathologies?
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Which condition is associated with the formation of diverticula in the colon?
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What is one of the methods used for removing foreign bodies in colonoscopy?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for performing a colonoscopy?
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What should patients avoid consuming on the day before a colonoscopy?
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Which of the following is NOT recommended as part of bowel preparation before a colonoscopy?
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What is a basic rule to follow during a colonoscopy regarding the endoscope?
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What should a patient do two hours before a colonoscopy procedure?
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Which complication can arise from performing therapeutic measures during colonoscopy?
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How can air usage during a colonoscopy be described as per the guidelines?
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Which of the following is a complication associated with colonoscopy?
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Study Notes
Bronchoscopy
- Bronchoscopy is a procedure involving inserting a flexible tube (bronchoscope) into the airway via the nose or mouth to visualize the tracheobronchial tree.
- The bronchoscope allows for examination of the airways, collection of secretions, and tissue biopsy.
- The bronchoscope is a slender, flexible tube less than 0.5 inches wide and approximately 2 feet long, utilizing fiberoptic technology for light and image transmission.
Types of Bronchoscopes
- Two primary types:
- Rigid tube bronchoscopes
- Fiberoptic tube bronchoscopes
Bronchoscopy Purpose
- Visual examination of the lower airways, including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
- Examination of the airway's mucosal surface for abnormalities associated with lung diseases.
- Diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Procedure
- Typically performed in an endoscopy room, but can also be done at the bedside.
- Patient is placed on their back or sits upright.
- A pulmonologist administers an anesthetic spray to the patient's mouth or throat.
- The bronchoscope is inserted into the patient's mouth and passed into the throat.
Preparation
- Patient should fast for 6 to 12 hours before the procedure.
- No liquids are allowed on the day of the procedure.
- Avoid smoking for 24 hours before the procedure.
- Refrain from taking aspirin or ibuprofen-type medications.
Aftercare
- Bronchoscopy takes approximately 45-60 minutes.
- Vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing) are monitored after the procedure.
- No food or drink for about 2 hours after the procedure or until anesthesia wears off.
Bronchoscopic Treatments
- Stent therapy
- Laser therapy
- Argon beam coagulation
- Brachytherapy
- Rigid Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy in Diagnosis
- Used to diagnose lung diseases, such as cancer or tuberculosis.
- Identify congenital deformities of the lungs.
- Detect suspected tumors, obstructions, secretions, bleeding, or foreign bodies within the airways.
Introduction
- Colonoscopy involves inserting a flexible colonoscope into the large bowel to inspect the lining.
- The procedure takes approximately 30 minutes.
- Experienced examiners can successfully reach the cecum in 98% of patients.
- Colonoscopy allows for macroscopic assessment of the mucosa and collecting biopsies for diagnosis.
Indications
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Bleeding per rectum
- Unexplained anemia
- Weight loss
- Postpolypectomy surveillance
- Prevention or aftercare of colorectal carcinoma
- Pathological thickening of the colon wall detected by other imaging procedures
- Primary tumor search for metastatic malignancies
Contraindications
- Perforated intestine
- Acute diverticulitis
- Deep ulcerations
- Severe ischemic necroses
- Fulminant colitis
- Cardiopulmonary decompensation
Preparation
- Emptying the contents of the colon is essential for a successful colonoscopy.
- Several days prior to the procedure:
- Start eating a low-fiber diet
- Clear liquid foods only on the day before the procedure
- No food or drink two hours before the procedure
- The bowel is cleansed with either PEG-Polyethylene Glycol or Sodium Picosulphate-Fleet enema.
- The procedure can be performed under IV sedation with midazolam/fentanyl or propofol.
Diagnostic Procedures
- Diverticulosis: Outpouchings in the lining of the colon.
- Diverticulitis: Inflammation of the diverticula.
- Polyps: Small, usually benign growths on the colon lining.
- Polyposis: Presence of multiple polyps in the colon.
- Carcinoma: Cancerous growths in the colon or rectum.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.
- Angiodysplasia: Abnormal blood vessels in the colon.
- Radiation Colitis: Radiation-induced inflammation of the colon lining.
- Pseudomembranous Colitis: Inflammation caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria.
- Ischemic Colitis: Reduced blood flow to the colon.
Therapeutic Procedures
- Polypectomy: Removal of polyps using a snare or other instruments.
- Endoscopic Mucosectomy: Removal of larger polyps piecemeal.
- SEMS Placement: Placement of metal stents for malignant strictures.
-
Hemostasis: Control of bleeding in colorectal pathologies using various techniques:
- Injection Gold Probe
- Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC)
- Endoscopic Hemoclip Application
- Removing Foreign Bodies: Removal of swallowed objects using colonoscopy.
Five Basic Rules of Colonoscopy
- Do not advance the endoscope without a clear view of the lumen.
- Do not advance the endoscope if there is any resistance.
- When in doubt, pull back.
- Use as little air as possible and as much air as necessary.
- Pay attention to the patient's pain reaction.
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Description
This quiz explores the bronchoscopy procedure, types of bronchoscopes, and its purposes in examining the lower airways. Learn about the techniques used by pulmonologists and the applications for diagnosing lung diseases. Test your knowledge on the key components of this important medical procedure.
