24 Breast ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Which hormone is responsible for the maturation of glandular tissue in the breast?

Which nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle and can result in winged scapula if injured?

After menopause, which hormones' lack results in atrophy of breast tissue?

Which artery supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle and can result in weak arm pull-ups if injured?

Which hormone synergizes with estrogen and progesterone in breast development?

Which nerve provides sensation to the medial arm and axilla and is most commonly injured during axillary dissection?

Which condition typically presents with noncyclical mastodynia, erythema, and nipple retraction?

What is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge?

Which condition is characterized by superficial vein thrombophlebitis of the breast, often associated with trauma and strenuous exercise?

What is the primary cause of neonatal breast enlargement?

Which condition is characterized by breast cysts filled with milk and may occur during breastfeeding?

What is a major neurovascular structure to be preserved in an axillary dissection to prevent direct hematogenous metastasis of breast cancer to the spine?

Which condition can be associated with increased prolactin levels and amenorrhea?

In which condition are accessory nipples most commonly found?

What is the most common lymphatic drainage pathway for breast tissue?

Which condition is characterized by sequala from infectious mastitis or periductal mastitis?

What is the primary cause of lactational mastitis?

Which condition requires excisional biopsy including skin if it fails to resolve after 2 weeks or recurs?

What is the main side effect of aromatase inhibitors in the context of breast cancer treatment?

Which medication is recommended for HER2/neu receptor-positive tumors either > 1 cm or if nodes are positive?

What is the characteristic skin lesion associated with Paget's disease of the breast?

What is the likely diagnosis when breast cancer presents as axillary metastases with unknown primary?

What is the recommended treatment if cancer is present in Paget's disease of the breast?

What is the primary action of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer?

What is the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer for individuals with BRCA II mutations?

What is the recommended age to start BRCA screening with yearly mammogram and breast MRI?

What is the prognosis of tumors that are both progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor positive?

Which gene mutation is NOT associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

At what age should consideration be given to total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) in BRCA families with a history of breast cancer?

What is the recommended age to start yearly pelvic exam + U/S and CA-125 for BRCA screening?

Which factor is NOT considered in the considerations for prophylactic mastectomy?

In which stage of breast cancer is distant metastasis present?

What percentage of breast cancers are negative for both estrogen and progesterone receptors?

Which syndrome is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

Which type of breast cancer has the worst prognosis?

What is the recommended age to start BRCA screening with yearly mammogram and breast MRI for individuals with a family history of breast cancer?

Which model calculates the 5 year and lifetime risk of breast cancer using age, race, ethnicity, and other factors?

In which group of women should the Gail model not be used for risk assessment?

What is the approximate median survival for untreated breast cancer?

What is the approximate percentage of breast cancers that have negative mammogram and negative ultrasound?

Which imaging technique is recommended for patients under 40 if the clinical exam or ultrasound is indeterminate or suspicious for breast cancer?

Which imaging techniques are recommended for patients over 40 years old for breast mass workup?

What does FNA provide in the evaluation of breast masses?

What does CNBx provide in the evaluation of breast masses?

"Rotter's nodes" are located between which muscles?

What is the most common site for distant metastasis in breast cancer?

Which factor is directly related to the number of positive nodes in breast cancer staging?

What is suggested for high-risk individuals in terms of screening for breast cancer?

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication to breast-conserving therapy?

What is the main reason for performing an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) instead of a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)?

What is the exception to requiring a formal ALND after a positive finding on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)?

What is the most common nerve injury after mastectomy?

What is the recommended margin for surgical margins in lumpectomy without radiation therapy?

What is the chemotherapy regimen used for positive nodes regardless of menopausal status?

What is the main side effect of tamoxifen therapy?

What percentage of local recurrence is expected within 2 years after the first operation for breast-conserving therapy without radiation?

What are the absolute contraindications to XRT?

'No ink on tumor' margins following breast-conserving therapy is a requirement before starting which treatment?

What is the first-line neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer to shrink tumor and improve resectability?

Which breast lesion is characterized by a slow-growing, well-circumscribed, painless, firm, and rubbery mass that can enlarge in pregnancy?

What is the most common color of the discharge associated with fibrocystic disease?

Which breast lesion presents as a stellate, irregular, spiculated mass that resembles breast cancer but has a central fibroelastic core with ducts and lobules radiating outward?

What is the most common type of breast cancer worldwide?

Which type of discharge is considered worrisome for cancer if it is persistent, unilateral, bloody, or spontaneous?

Which breast lesion has a tightly packed epithelial component with sparse connective tissues and is considered benign?

What is the management approach for a patient with spontaneous nipple discharge, regardless of the color or consistency?

Which breast lesion has a slightly increased risk of cancer and can be identified by the presence of epithelial calcifications, apocrine hyperplasia/metaplasia, sclerosing adenosis, or cysts larger than 3 cm?

Which breast lesion can cause large, coarse calcifications known as 'popcorn lesions' on mammography due to degeneration?

Which hormone is responsible for breast gland maturation?

Which nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle?

What hormone is most important for breast development?

Which artery supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle?

Which hormone synergizes with estrogen and progesterone in breast development?

Which nerve is commonly injured during axillary dissection?

What condition presents with non-cyclical breast pain, redness and nipple retraction?

What is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge?

What condition is characterized by superficial vein thrombophlebitis of the breast?

What is the primary cause of neonatal breast enlargement?

What condition is characterized by milk-filled cysts in the breast?

What neurovascular structure is important to preserve in an axillary dissection?

Which condition is associated with elevated prolactin levels and amenorrhea?

Where are accessory nipples most commonly found?

What is the most common lymphatic drainage pathway for breast tissue?

What condition can arise from infectious mastitis?

What is the primary cause of lactational mastitis?

When is excisional biopsy of a breast abscess recommended?

What is a major side effect of aromatase inhibitors?

Which medication is recommended for HER2/neu-positive tumors?

What is the characteristic skin lesion in Paget's disease of the breast?

What is the likely diagnosis if axillary metastases are found with an unknown primary tumor?

What is the recommended treatment for Paget's disease?

What is the primary action of aromatase inhibitors in treating breast cancer?

What is the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer with BRCA2 mutations?

When should BRCA screening with yearly mammogram and breast MRI start?

What is the prognosis of tumors that are both progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor positive?

Which gene mutation is NOT associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

When should TAH and BSO be considered in BRCA families with a history of breast cancer?

When should yearly pelvic exams, ultrasounds, and CA-125 start for BRCA screening?

Which factor is NOT considered in prophylactic mastectomy decisions?

In which stage of breast cancer is distant metastasis present?

What percentage of breast cancers are negative for both estrogen and progesterone receptors?

Which syndrome is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

Which type of breast cancer has the worst prognosis?

When should BRCA screening with yearly mammogram and breast MRI start for individuals with a family history of breast cancer?

Which model is used to calculate breast cancer risk?

In which group of women should the Gail model be used for risk assessment?

What is the approximate median survival for untreated breast cancer?

What is the estimated percentage of breast cancers missed by mammograms and ultrasounds?

Which imaging technique is recommended for patients under 40 with suspicious findings?

Which imaging techniques are commonly used for workup of breast mass in patients over 40?

What does FNA provide in the evaluation of breast masses?

What does CNBx provide in the evaluation of breast masses?

Where are "Rotter's nodes" located?

What the most common location of distant metastasis in breast cancer?

Which factor is directly related to the number of positive nodes in breast cancer staging?

What is suggested for high-risk individuals in terms of breast cancer screening?

What is an absolute contraindication to breast-conserving therapy?

What is the main reason for performing an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) instead of a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)?