Breast Cancer Screening Techniques

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What does fMRI measure in relation to brain activity?

Brain waves

Nerve impulses

Blood flow changes (correct)

Brain glucose levels

Which part of the body would be most commonly imaged for orthopedic purposes using MRI?

Liver

Knee (correct)

Abdomen

Brain

In MRI, what does a black area in the heart indicate?

Healthy part of the heart (correct)

Decreased blood flow

Scar tissue

Presence of contrast dye

Which field poses risks in MRI due to its high static magnetic field?

Attraction of ferrometals Signup and view all the answers

What can fast changing magnetic fields during MRI scanning generate?

Electric currents Signup and view all the answers

In MRI, what is the purpose of gradients, such as electromagnets in three directions?

To control the magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the mean positron range in tumours?

Depends on surrounding material Signup and view all the answers

How does the non-collinearity effect impact resolution degradation?

It depends on the scanner diameter Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a typical scanner having a diameter of 80cm?

Decreased resolution due to non-collinearity effect Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario makes it more challenging to identify triple coincidences during detection?

Annihilation of positrons into 3γ photons Signup and view all the answers

How does the parallax effect impact effective crystal size near the edge of the Field of View (FoV)?

Decreases effective crystal size Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature that scanners aim to maximize for improved detection of high energy photons?

Probability of detecting high energy photons Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended interval for mammography screening in women aged 50-75?

Biennial screenings Signup and view all the answers

Which breast imaging technique is described as having very high sensitivity, being expensive, and not using ionizing radiation?

Breast MRI Signup and view all the answers

To differentiate between cysts and solid masses in the breast, which imaging technique is usually used in addition to mammography?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using low energy x-rays for mammography?

Reduced patient dose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue predominance makes mammography extremely sensitive in detecting malignancies?

Fatty tissue Signup and view all the answers

Why does the heel effect allow for the use of low-energy x-rays for breast mammography?

To reduce off-focal radiation exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is kept at ground potential (0 V) to reduce off-focal radiation in mammography?

Anode Signup and view all the answers

Which x-ray tube component has dual filaments of different sizes and is used for better resolution or shorter exposure time?

Cathode Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the filter in mammography x-ray energy spectrum shaping?

Filter out low-energy photons Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes molybdenum (Mo) and rhodium (Rh) preferred anode materials for mammography tubes?

High atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using iterative reconstruction (IR) over filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction?

Improved image quality with reduced noise and preserved spatial resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the reconstruction kernel and the resulting image characteristics?

Harder kernels result in images with harder edges and higher spatial resolution, but more noise Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iterative reconstruction process?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How does iterative reconstruction (IR) improve image quality compared to filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction?

IR reduces noise while preserving spatial resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between radiation dose and image quality in the context of the text?

With IR, reduced dose can be achieved while preserving image quality Signup and view all the answers

What type of values can be assigned to visual characteristics in medical imaging?

Either binary or continuous values Signup and view all the answers

Which image modality is mentioned as having more difficulty in classifying voxels as a combination of basic tissue types?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the projection of a 3D volume (image data) onto a 2D screen?

To create a 2D visualization of the image data Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of the Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) technique for 3D visualization?

It can overestimate the diameter of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is a common variation of the Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) technique?

Slab MIP Signup and view all the answers

Why are MIP images considered ambiguous and not easily interpretable in a simple way?

They do not show depth information Signup and view all the answers