Breast Cancer Screening Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What does fMRI measure in relation to brain activity?

  • Brain waves
  • Nerve impulses
  • Blood flow changes (correct)
  • Brain glucose levels

Which part of the body would be most commonly imaged for orthopedic purposes using MRI?

  • Liver
  • Knee (correct)
  • Abdomen
  • Brain

In MRI, what does a black area in the heart indicate?

  • Healthy part of the heart (correct)
  • Decreased blood flow
  • Scar tissue
  • Presence of contrast dye

Which field poses risks in MRI due to its high static magnetic field?

<p>Attraction of ferrometals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can fast changing magnetic fields during MRI scanning generate?

<p>Electric currents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In MRI, what is the purpose of gradients, such as electromagnets in three directions?

<p>To control the magnetic field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the mean positron range in tumours?

<p>Depends on surrounding material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the non-collinearity effect impact resolution degradation?

<p>It depends on the scanner diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a typical scanner having a diameter of 80cm?

<p>Decreased resolution due to non-collinearity effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario makes it more challenging to identify triple coincidences during detection?

<p>Annihilation of positrons into 3γ photons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parallax effect impact effective crystal size near the edge of the Field of View (FoV)?

<p>Decreases effective crystal size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature that scanners aim to maximize for improved detection of high energy photons?

<p>Probability of detecting high energy photons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended interval for mammography screening in women aged 50-75?

<p>Biennial screenings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breast imaging technique is described as having very high sensitivity, being expensive, and not using ionizing radiation?

<p>Breast MRI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To differentiate between cysts and solid masses in the breast, which imaging technique is usually used in addition to mammography?

<p>Ultrasound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using low energy x-rays for mammography?

<p>Reduced patient dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue predominance makes mammography extremely sensitive in detecting malignancies?

<p>Fatty tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the heel effect allow for the use of low-energy x-rays for breast mammography?

<p>To reduce off-focal radiation exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kept at ground potential (0 V) to reduce off-focal radiation in mammography?

<p>Anode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which x-ray tube component has dual filaments of different sizes and is used for better resolution or shorter exposure time?

<p>Cathode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the filter in mammography x-ray energy spectrum shaping?

<p>Filter out low-energy photons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes molybdenum (Mo) and rhodium (Rh) preferred anode materials for mammography tubes?

<p>High atomic number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using iterative reconstruction (IR) over filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction?

<p>Improved image quality with reduced noise and preserved spatial resolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the reconstruction kernel and the resulting image characteristics?

<p>Harder kernels result in images with harder edges and higher spatial resolution, but more noise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iterative reconstruction process?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does iterative reconstruction (IR) improve image quality compared to filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction?

<p>IR reduces noise while preserving spatial resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between radiation dose and image quality in the context of the text?

<p>With IR, reduced dose can be achieved while preserving image quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of values can be assigned to visual characteristics in medical imaging?

<p>Either binary or continuous values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image modality is mentioned as having more difficulty in classifying voxels as a combination of basic tissue types?

<p>MRI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the projection of a 3D volume (image data) onto a 2D screen?

<p>To create a 2D visualization of the image data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of the Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) technique for 3D visualization?

<p>It can overestimate the diameter of blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common variation of the Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) technique?

<p>Slab MIP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are MIP images considered ambiguous and not easily interpretable in a simple way?

<p>They do not show depth information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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