Psychological Harm of False Positives in Breast Cancer Screening
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Questions and Answers

Which part of hemoglobin does the fit test detect?

  • Enzyme
  • Heme
  • Globin (correct)
  • DNA

    • What does the fecal occult blood test find?

  • Heme (correct)
  • Globin
  • DNA
  • Plasma

    • What does the Fit-DNA test look for?

  • Globin abnormalities
  • Enzyme activity
  • Abnormal DNA (correct)
  • Heme levels

    • Why are positive fit and fecal occult blood tests important?

    <p>To potentially suggest the need for colonoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often is the recommendation to get a colonoscopy done according to the USPSTF?

    <p>Every 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently should fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) be performed?

    <p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative to colonoscopy if a person cannot tolerate the anesthesia or bowel prep?

    <p>CT angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mnemonic is suggested for remembering the frequency of sigmoidoscopy?

    <p>'Freud' and 'Angio'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)?

    <p>To make evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of panel is the USPSTF?

    <p>An independent volunteer panel of national experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grade from the USPSTF indicates a recommendation against a screening measure?

    <p>Grade D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a grade C recommendation from the USPSTF indicate?

    <p>Recommendation to selectively offer the service based on professional judgment and patient preference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest grade assigned by the USPSTF for a recommendation?

    <p>Grade A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is used to represent a grade C recommendation?

    <p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of a grade D recommendation from the USPSTF?

    <p>'Encouragement to offer the service'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Patient preference' plays an important role in which grade of recommendation from the USPSTF?

    <p>Grade C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Moderate certainty that the net benefit is small' is associated with which grade of recommendation?

    <p>'Grade C'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'High certainty that the net benefit is substantial' is a characteristic of which grade of recommendation?

    <p>'Grade A'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Grade B recommendation signify about a service according to USPSTF?

    <p>Moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do clinicians usually do when a service receives a Grade A recommendation from USPSTF?

    <p>They recommend and suggest offering or providing this service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended blood pressure goal for individuals aged 60 and older during hypertension treatment?

    <p>150 over 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should individuals aged 18-39 without risk factors get their blood pressure screened?

    <p>Every 3-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for hypertension in non-black patients according to the text?

    <p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest remembering the first-line treatment for hypertension in non-black patients?

    <p>By thinking of famous white aces in movies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should lifestyle changes be initiated for someone with an elevated blood pressure reading for the first time?

    <p>Immediately after the first reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypertension treatment, what does the JNC recommend as the goal blood pressure for individuals aged 59 or younger?

    <p>140 over 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be initially avoided in the treatment of hypertension for black patients according to the text?

    <p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should individuals aged 40 years or older with risk factors get their blood pressure screened according to the text?

    <p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of medications is recommended as first-line treatment for black patients with hypertension?

    <p>Calcium channel blockers and thiazides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For individuals aged 59 or younger, what is the target blood pressure according to JNC guidelines?

    <p>140 over 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended starting treatment for non-black patients with hypertension?

    <p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested action for a service that is graded as I by the USPSTF?

    <p>The evidence is unclear, so patients should be informed before proceeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should adults aged 40 years or older with risk factors for hypertension have their blood pressure screened?

    <p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For adults aged 18 to 39 with no risk factors for hypertension, how often should blood pressure screening be done?

    <p>Every 3-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first for a patient with an elevated first-time blood pressure reading according to the text?

    <p>Encourage lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients may have white coat hypertension when their blood pressure is taken in the office?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group requires blood pressure screening every 3-5 years according to the text?

    <p>Adults aged 18 to 39 with no risk factors for hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood pressure screening, what does ambulatory monitoring involve?

    <p>Monitoring blood pressure continuously during the day outside of medical settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for patients with white coat hypertension?

    <p><strong>Initiate ambulatory monitoring</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a colonoscopy and a sigmoidoscopy?

    <p>The extent to which the camera can visualize the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a fecal occult blood test?

    <p>To detect the presence of hemoglobin in the stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test lights up the blood vessels supplying the colon by injecting dye into them?

    <p>CT angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FOBT stand for in the context of colon cancer screening?

    <p>Fecal Occult Blood Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a fecal immunochemical test, what is being searched for in the stool sample?

    <p>Hemoglobin element heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for performing a FIT-DNA test instead of a regular FIT?

    <p>To increase sensitivity in detecting abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening method has limited visualization up to the sigmoid colon only?

    <p>Sigmoidoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CT angiography primarily aim to visualize in relation to colon cancer?

    <p>Colon blood flow patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of a CT angiography compared to other screening methods discussed?

    <p>It provides immediate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of test has a focus on determining if there is heme present in the stool sample?

    <p>Fecal immunochemical test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to accurately detect hidden blood in stool samples?

    <p>To prevent potential complications like colon cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test specifically aims to look for hidden blood in fecal matter?

    <p>Fecal Occult Blood Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age should someone start colon cancer screening if their relative was diagnosed at age 52?

    <p>Age 42</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic conditions increase the risk of colon cancer?

    <p>Lynch syndrome and FAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up period after finding a high-risk adenoma during a colonoscopy?

    <p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should sigmoidoscopy be done for colon cancer screening?

    <p>Every five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age range for breast cancer screening through mammography?

    <p>50-74</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polyp requires a follow-up colonoscopy in three years?

    <p>High-risk adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FAP stand for in the context of colon cancer?

    <p>&quot;Familial Adenomatous Polyposis&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of CT angiography recommended for colon cancer screening?

    <p>Every five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended screening frequency for pap smear (cytology) for individuals aged 30-65?

    <p>Every 3 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For individuals aged 21-30, how often is cytology (pap smear) recommended as per the screening guidelines?

    <p>Every 3 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the screening recommendation by the USPSTF for cervical cancer in individuals who are sexually active before the age of 21?

    <p>No screening is recommended until they reach age 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Co testing for cervical cancer screening?

    <p>Performing a combination of pap smear and HPV testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it not recommended to screen individuals for cervical cancer before the age of 21, even if sexually active?

    <p>False positive rates are high in this age group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Co testing for cervical cancer screening compared to pap smear (cytology) alone?

    <p>Combining tests reduces unnecessary follow-ups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next best step for a patient under 30 who feels a lump in her breast during a self-exam?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For patients over 30 years old, what is the recommended next step if they feel a lump in their breast during a self-exam?

    <p>Mammography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is recommended for patients under 30 who detect a breast lump?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mnemonic does the speaker suggest for remembering the appropriate imaging technique based on age when a breast lump is detected?

    <p>'Ultrasound for under 30, mammogram for more than 30'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended breast imaging technique for patients older than 30 who feel a lump?

    <p>Mammography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological harm can be caused by false positives in breast cancer screening?

    <p>Anxiety and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'cytology' commonly known as in cervical cancer screening?

    <p>Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct protocol for cervical cancer screening that involves collecting cells from the cervix for microscopic examination?

    <p>Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

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