Psychological Harm of False Positives in Breast Cancer Screening

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Which part of hemoglobin does the fit test detect?

Globin

What does the fecal occult blood test find?

Heme

What does the Fit-DNA test look for?

Abnormal DNA

Why are positive fit and fecal occult blood tests important?

<p>To potentially suggest the need for colonoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often is the recommendation to get a colonoscopy done according to the USPSTF?

<p>Every 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

How frequently should fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) be performed?

<p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative to colonoscopy if a person cannot tolerate the anesthesia or bowel prep?

<p>CT angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic is suggested for remembering the frequency of sigmoidoscopy?

<p>'Freud' and 'Angio'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)?

<p>To make evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of panel is the USPSTF?

<p>An independent volunteer panel of national experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What grade from the USPSTF indicates a recommendation against a screening measure?

<p>Grade D</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a grade C recommendation from the USPSTF indicate?

<p>Recommendation to selectively offer the service based on professional judgment and patient preference</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest grade assigned by the USPSTF for a recommendation?

<p>Grade A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is used to represent a grade C recommendation?

<p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of a grade D recommendation from the USPSTF?

<p>'Encouragement to offer the service'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Patient preference' plays an important role in which grade of recommendation from the USPSTF?

<p>Grade C</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Moderate certainty that the net benefit is small' is associated with which grade of recommendation?

<p>'Grade C'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'High certainty that the net benefit is substantial' is a characteristic of which grade of recommendation?

<p>'Grade A'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Grade B recommendation signify about a service according to USPSTF?

<p>Moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do clinicians usually do when a service receives a Grade A recommendation from USPSTF?

<p>They recommend and suggest offering or providing this service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended blood pressure goal for individuals aged 60 and older during hypertension treatment?

<p>150 over 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should individuals aged 18-39 without risk factors get their blood pressure screened?

<p>Every 3-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line treatment for hypertension in non-black patients according to the text?

<p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest remembering the first-line treatment for hypertension in non-black patients?

<p>By thinking of famous white aces in movies</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should lifestyle changes be initiated for someone with an elevated blood pressure reading for the first time?

<p>Immediately after the first reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of hypertension treatment, what does the JNC recommend as the goal blood pressure for individuals aged 59 or younger?

<p>140 over 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be initially avoided in the treatment of hypertension for black patients according to the text?

<p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should individuals aged 40 years or older with risk factors get their blood pressure screened according to the text?

<p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of medications is recommended as first-line treatment for black patients with hypertension?

<p>Calcium channel blockers and thiazides</p> Signup and view all the answers

For individuals aged 59 or younger, what is the target blood pressure according to JNC guidelines?

<p>140 over 90</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended starting treatment for non-black patients with hypertension?

<p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested action for a service that is graded as I by the USPSTF?

<p>The evidence is unclear, so patients should be informed before proceeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should adults aged 40 years or older with risk factors for hypertension have their blood pressure screened?

<p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

For adults aged 18 to 39 with no risk factors for hypertension, how often should blood pressure screening be done?

<p>Every 3-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done first for a patient with an elevated first-time blood pressure reading according to the text?

<p>Encourage lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients may have white coat hypertension when their blood pressure is taken in the office?

<p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group requires blood pressure screening every 3-5 years according to the text?

<p>Adults aged 18 to 39 with no risk factors for hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood pressure screening, what does ambulatory monitoring involve?

<p>Monitoring blood pressure continuously during the day outside of medical settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for patients with white coat hypertension?

<p><strong>Initiate ambulatory monitoring</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a colonoscopy and a sigmoidoscopy?

<p>The extent to which the camera can visualize the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of a fecal occult blood test?

<p>To detect the presence of hemoglobin in the stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test lights up the blood vessels supplying the colon by injecting dye into them?

<p>CT angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FOBT stand for in the context of colon cancer screening?

<p>Fecal Occult Blood Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a fecal immunochemical test, what is being searched for in the stool sample?

<p>Hemoglobin element heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for performing a FIT-DNA test instead of a regular FIT?

<p>To increase sensitivity in detecting abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which screening method has limited visualization up to the sigmoid colon only?

<p>Sigmoidoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CT angiography primarily aim to visualize in relation to colon cancer?

<p>Colon blood flow patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of a CT angiography compared to other screening methods discussed?

<p>It provides immediate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of test has a focus on determining if there is heme present in the stool sample?

<p>Fecal immunochemical test</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to accurately detect hidden blood in stool samples?

<p>To prevent potential complications like colon cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test specifically aims to look for hidden blood in fecal matter?

<p>Fecal Occult Blood Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age should someone start colon cancer screening if their relative was diagnosed at age 52?

<p>Age 42</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic conditions increase the risk of colon cancer?

<p>Lynch syndrome and FAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended follow-up period after finding a high-risk adenoma during a colonoscopy?

<p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should sigmoidoscopy be done for colon cancer screening?

<p>Every five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age range for breast cancer screening through mammography?

<p>50-74</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polyp requires a follow-up colonoscopy in three years?

<p>High-risk adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FAP stand for in the context of colon cancer?

<p>&quot;Familial Adenomatous Polyposis&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of CT angiography recommended for colon cancer screening?

<p>Every five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended screening frequency for pap smear (cytology) for individuals aged 30-65?

<p>Every 3 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For individuals aged 21-30, how often is cytology (pap smear) recommended as per the screening guidelines?

<p>Every 3 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the screening recommendation by the USPSTF for cervical cancer in individuals who are sexually active before the age of 21?

<p>No screening is recommended until they reach age 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Co testing for cervical cancer screening?

<p>Performing a combination of pap smear and HPV testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it not recommended to screen individuals for cervical cancer before the age of 21, even if sexually active?

<p>False positive rates are high in this age group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Co testing for cervical cancer screening compared to pap smear (cytology) alone?

<p>Combining tests reduces unnecessary follow-ups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the next best step for a patient under 30 who feels a lump in her breast during a self-exam?

<p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

For patients over 30 years old, what is the recommended next step if they feel a lump in their breast during a self-exam?

<p>Mammography</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is recommended for patients under 30 who detect a breast lump?

<p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic does the speaker suggest for remembering the appropriate imaging technique based on age when a breast lump is detected?

<p>'Ultrasound for under 30, mammogram for more than 30'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended breast imaging technique for patients older than 30 who feel a lump?

<p>Mammography</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological harm can be caused by false positives in breast cancer screening?

<p>Anxiety and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'cytology' commonly known as in cervical cancer screening?

<p>Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct protocol for cervical cancer screening that involves collecting cells from the cervix for microscopic examination?

<p>Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

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