Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of connective tissue acts as the attachment point for the suspensory ligaments of Cooper?
What type of connective tissue acts as the attachment point for the suspensory ligaments of Cooper?
- Dermis
- Retromammary tissue
- Pectoral fascia (correct)
- Adipose tissue
Which artery supplies the medial aspect of the breast?
Which artery supplies the medial aspect of the breast?
- Internal thoracic artery (correct)
- Mammary branch artery
- Lateral thoracic artery
- Posterior intercostal artery
What is the primary route for lymphatic drainage from the breast?
What is the primary route for lymphatic drainage from the breast?
- Renal nodes
- Axillary nodes (correct)
- Cervical nodes
- Parasternal nodes
Which percentage of lymph from the breast drains to the parasternal nodes?
Which percentage of lymph from the breast drains to the parasternal nodes?
From which artery do the lateral mammary branches originate?
From which artery do the lateral mammary branches originate?
What is the retromammary space primarily composed of?
What is the retromammary space primarily composed of?
What is the role of lymphatic drainage in relation to breast cancer?
What is the role of lymphatic drainage in relation to breast cancer?
What is the primary artery that supplies the lateral part of the breast?
What is the primary artery that supplies the lateral part of the breast?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Where do the superficial lymphatic vessels originating from the hand primarily travel?
Where do the superficial lymphatic vessels originating from the hand primarily travel?
What is the final destination of the lymphatic vessels that follow the basilic vein?
What is the final destination of the lymphatic vessels that follow the basilic vein?
Which group of lymph nodes in the axilla receives lymph from the majority of the upper limb?
Which group of lymph nodes in the axilla receives lymph from the majority of the upper limb?
What type of lymphatic vessels are associated with joint capsules and muscles?
What type of lymphatic vessels are associated with joint capsules and muscles?
What do the subscapular lymph nodes primarily collect lymph from?
What do the subscapular lymph nodes primarily collect lymph from?
What anatomical group of lymph nodes collects lymph from the anterior thoracic wall, including most of the breast?
What anatomical group of lymph nodes collects lymph from the anterior thoracic wall, including most of the breast?
In which lymphatic route do the vessels following the cephalic vein typically lead?
In which lymphatic route do the vessels following the cephalic vein typically lead?
What is the primary function of the apical axillary lymph nodes?
What is the primary function of the apical axillary lymph nodes?
Which lymphatic structures converge to form the right lymphatic duct?
Which lymphatic structures converge to form the right lymphatic duct?
Which of the following is NOT part of the anterior wall of the axilla?
Which of the following is NOT part of the anterior wall of the axilla?
Which muscles are included in the medial wall of the axilla?
Which muscles are included in the medial wall of the axilla?
Which structure forms the apex of the axilla?
Which structure forms the apex of the axilla?
What is the shape of the axilla described in the content?
What is the shape of the axilla described in the content?
Which axillary lymph node group receives lymph from the pectoral, subscapular, and humeral axillary lymph node groups?
Which axillary lymph node group receives lymph from the pectoral, subscapular, and humeral axillary lymph node groups?
Which of the following borders contributes to the lateral wall of the axilla?
Which of the following borders contributes to the lateral wall of the axilla?
What is the main artery supplying the upper limb?
What is the main artery supplying the upper limb?
How many parts does the axillary artery have?
How many parts does the axillary artery have?
Which muscle tendon does NOT travel through the axilla?
Which muscle tendon does NOT travel through the axilla?
What is a potential consequence of the apex of the axilla decreasing in size when the arm is fully abducted?
What is a potential consequence of the apex of the axilla decreasing in size when the arm is fully abducted?
Which of these structures passes through the quadrangular space?
Which of these structures passes through the quadrangular space?
What type of condition is an enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes often considered a non-specific indicator of?
What type of condition is an enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes often considered a non-specific indicator of?
What is the main route through which the majority of contents leave the axilla?
What is the main route through which the majority of contents leave the axilla?
Which vein is NOT considered a major tributary of the axillary vein?
Which vein is NOT considered a major tributary of the axillary vein?
Which muscles are classified as extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
Which muscles are classified as extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
What is the primary nerve that innervates the biceps brachii?
What is the primary nerve that innervates the biceps brachii?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the elbow joint?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the elbow joint?
Which structure is formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C5 to T1?
Which structure is formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C5 to T1?
What separates the two layers of extrinsic muscles in the shoulder region?
What separates the two layers of extrinsic muscles in the shoulder region?
Which of the following muscles is located in the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
Which of the following muscles is located in the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
Which nerve runs through the axilla and supplies the skin and musculature of the upper limb?
Which nerve runs through the axilla and supplies the skin and musculature of the upper limb?
The cephalic vein enters the axilla via which anatomical structure?
The cephalic vein enters the axilla via which anatomical structure?
Which of the following nerves innervates the biceps brachii muscle?
Which of the following nerves innervates the biceps brachii muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the thenar muscles?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the thenar muscles?
What muscles are innervated by the Axillary Nerve?
What muscles are innervated by the Axillary Nerve?
Which nerve predominantly innervates the extensors of the wrist and fingers?
Which nerve predominantly innervates the extensors of the wrist and fingers?
The Ulnar Nerve is responsible for innervating which of the following?
The Ulnar Nerve is responsible for innervating which of the following?
Which branch of the Median Nerve innervates the lateral part of the palm?
Which branch of the Median Nerve innervates the lateral part of the palm?
Which of the following nerves arises from the roots C5 and C6?
Which of the following nerves arises from the roots C5 and C6?
The digital cutaneous branch of the Median Nerve innervates which part of the hand?
The digital cutaneous branch of the Median Nerve innervates which part of the hand?
Flashcards
Breast Attachment
Breast Attachment
The breast is attached to the dermis and pectoral fascia, with the pectoral fascia acting as an attachment point for Cooper's ligaments.
Retromammary Space
Retromammary Space
A loose connective tissue layer between the breast and pectoral fascia, used in breast reconstruction.
Breast Arterial Supply (Medial)
Breast Arterial Supply (Medial)
The internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian) supplies the medial breast.
Breast Arterial Supply (Lateral)
Breast Arterial Supply (Lateral)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Venous Drainage
Breast Venous Drainage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lymphatic Drainage (Axillary)
Breast Lymphatic Drainage (Axillary)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lymphatic Drainage (Parasternal)
Breast Lymphatic Drainage (Parasternal)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lymphatic Drainage (Skin)
Breast Lymphatic Drainage (Skin)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphatic drainage of upper limb
Lymphatic drainage of upper limb
Signup and view all the flashcards
Superficial lymphatic vessels
Superficial lymphatic vessels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cubital lymph nodes
Cubital lymph nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Apical axillary lymph nodes
Apical axillary lymph nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Deep lymphatic vessels
Deep lymphatic vessels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Humeral axillary lymph nodes
Humeral axillary lymph nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pectoral lymph nodes
Pectoral lymph nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axilla Location
Axilla Location
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axilla Shape
Axilla Shape
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Apex Borders
Axillary Apex Borders
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Lateral Wall
Axillary Lateral Wall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Medial Wall
Axillary Medial Wall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Anterior Wall
Axillary Anterior Wall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Posterior Wall
Axillary Posterior Wall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Lymph Node Central Location
Axillary Lymph Node Central Location
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clavipectoral Triangle
Clavipectoral Triangle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles
Extrinsic Shoulder Muscles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles
Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pectoral Region Muscles
Pectoral Region Muscles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscles of the Arm: Anterior Compartment
Muscles of the Arm: Anterior Compartment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscles of the Arm: Posterior Compartment
Muscles of the Arm: Posterior Compartment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brachial Plexus
Brachial Plexus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brachial Plexus: Formation
Brachial Plexus: Formation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axilla Contents
Axilla Contents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Artery Parts
Axillary Artery Parts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Vein Tributaries
Axillary Vein Tributaries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Lymph Node Function
Axillary Lymph Node Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Apex Size
Axillary Apex Size
Signup and view all the flashcards
Passageways Exiting Axilla
Passageways Exiting Axilla
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quadrangular Space
Quadrangular Space
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brachial Plexus Parts
Brachial Plexus Parts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Musculocutaneous Nerve Function
Musculocutaneous Nerve Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Nerve Function
Axillary Nerve Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Median Nerve Function
Median Nerve Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Radial Nerve Function
Radial Nerve Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ulnar Nerve Function
Ulnar Nerve Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does 'innervate' mean?
What does 'innervate' mean?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cords of the Brachial Plexus
Cords of the Brachial Plexus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Breast, Axilla, and Muscles of the Arm and Shoulder
- The breasts are paired structures located on the anterior thoracic wall in the pectoral region.
- They are more prominent in females after puberty.
- Breasts contain mammary glands, an accessory gland of the female reproductive system, involved in lactation.
Surface Anatomy of the Breast
- Extends horizontally from the sternum's lateral border to the mid-axillary line.
- Vertically, it spans from the 2nd to 6th costal cartilages.
- It's superficial to the fascia covering the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
- The breast has two regions: a larger circular body and a smaller axillary tail.
Breast Anatomy
- The nipple is centrally located and contains mainly smooth muscle fibers.
- The areola surrounds the nipple, containing sebaceous glands.
- These glands enlarge during pregnancy and secrete an oily substance as a protective lubricant.
- Milk production and secretion are regulated by the hormones prolactin and oxytocin, secreted by the pituitary gland.
- Breasts are composed of mammary glands surrounded by connective tissue stroma.
- Mammary glands are modified sweat glands with ducts and 15-20 secretory lobules.
- Each lobule has alveoli drained by a single lactiferous duct. These ducts converge at the nipple.
Connective Tissue Stroma
- The fibrous stroma forms suspensory ligaments ("Cooper's ligaments").
- Ligaments attach the breast to the dermis and underlying pectoral fascia.
- They separate the secretory lobules of the breast.
- The base of the breast lies on the pectoral fascia. This fascia acts as an attachment point for Cooper's ligaments.
- Retromammary space is a layer of loose connective tissue between the breast and pectoral fascia, often used in reconstructive plastic surgery.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of the Breasts
- Arterial supply to the medial breast is via the internal thoracic artery (internal mammary artery).
- This artery branches from the subclavian artery.
- The lateral part of the breast receives blood from lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches of the axillary artery.
- These branches come from the posterior intercostal arteries (from the aorta) and supply the breast in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th intercostal spaces.
- Venous drainage occurs into the axillary and internal thoracic veins, corresponding to the arteries.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Breasts
- Lymphatic drainage is crucial in breast cancer metastasis.
- Lymphatic drainage from breast tissue is collected by three groups of lymph nodes:
- Axillary nodes (75%)
- Parasternal nodes (20%)
- Posterior intercostal nodes (5%)
- All axillary lymph nodes drain into apical nodes.
Innervation of the Breasts
- Innervation of the breast is provided by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves (contain both sensory and autonomic nerve fibers)
- Autonomic fibers regulate smooth muscle and blood vessel tone.
- Nerves do not control milk production and secretion.
Clinical Relevance: Breast Cancer
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK.
- It's the second highest cause of cancer death in UK women after lung cancer.
- It is more common in women than men.
Clinical Presentation and Causes of Breast Cancer
- Blockages in lymphatic drainage can cause excess lymph build-up in subcutaneous tissue.
- Common clinical features may include nipple deviation or retraction, prominent skin between dimpled pores (peau d'orange), and larger dimples from cancerous invasions and fibrosis.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
- A triple assessment, including clinical examination, imaging (mammogram and ultrasound), and biopsy, is used to diagnose a suspected breast cancer.
Treatment of Breast Cancer
- Surgical treatment with adjuvant radiotherapy is the recommended treatment approach.
- Often aims to remove only the affected tissue.
- Mastectomy is considered an option for cases where local intervention is not sufficient
- Adjuvant chemotherapy is used to improve survival rates.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
- The lymphatic system drains tissue fluid, plasma proteins, and cellular debris into the bloodstream, supporting immune defense.
- Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes before returning to the venous system.
- Superficial lymphatic vessels accompany superficial veins, moving proximally towards the lymph nodes in the axilla.
- Deep lymphatic vessels follow deep veins and terminate in humeral axillary lymph nodes, draining lymph from the joint capsules, periosteum, tendons, and muscles.
- The majority of upper extremity lymph nodes are in the axilla.
Borders of the Axilla
- The axilla is a pyramidal-shaped region with an apex, base, and four walls (anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral).
Contents of the Axilla
- The axilla contains important structures such as nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics, including the axillary artery (and branches—medial, posterior, and lateral to the pectoralis minor), axillary vein, and brachial plexus.
Passageways Exiting the Axilla
- Three main routes for structures exiting the axilla: the main route moving inferiorly and laterally into the upper limb; the quadrangular space through the posterior wall to the posterior arm and shoulder; and a section associated with the clavipectoral triangle.
Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm
-
Shoulder muscles are divided into extrinsic (originate from the torso, attaching to shoulder bones) and intrinsic (originate from scapula/clavicle, attaching to humerus)
-
The extrinsic muscles are primarily superficial back muscles and are grouped into two layers
-
extrinsic superficial muscles include: Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Levator scapulae, Rhomboids major and minor
-
Extrinsic deep muscles include: Subclavius
-
The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder (rotator cuff) are: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis
-
Upper Arm Muscles: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis, Triceps brachii
Muscles of the Pectoral Region
- The pectoral region has four key muscles: Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior, and Subclavius
- Each muscle has specific attachment points, actions, and innervation to facilitate upper limb movements.
Brachial Plexus
- The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that supplies the skin and musculature of the upper limb.
- Roots: derived from the ventral rami of spinal nerves (C5-T1).
- Trunks: formed by the division of the roots (upper, middle, and lower).
- Divisions: further subdivision of the trunks (anterior and posterior).
- Cords: formed by the division of the trunks (lateral, medial, and posterior).
- Branches: the terminal nerves emerging from the cords (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the breast, including its structure, location, and functions. It also addresses the associated muscles of the arm and shoulder, highlighting their significance in the anatomical context. Test your knowledge on these critical components of human anatomy.
