Brain MRI Clinical Cases in Neurobiology

What MRI sequence is characterized by high signal intensity for fluids, making it useful for detecting edema and inflammation?

Which of the following MRI sequences is most sensitive for detecting hemorrhage due to its susceptibility to magnetic field distortions caused by blood products?

What is the term for the displacement of brain tissue from its normal location due to increased pressure within the skull?

Which type of brain herniation involves the cingulate gyrus being displaced under the falx cerebri?

What anatomical structure is involved in transtentorial herniation?

Compression of the brainstem is most likely to occur in which type of herniation?

In MRI, a lesion that appears bright on T2-weighted images is described as:

When evaluating a brain MRI, what does 'mass effect' refer to?

For an 8-month-old pug presenting with acute onset of seizures and painful head palpation, what is the MOST likely differential diagnosis, considering the breed predisposition?

What MRI findings would you expect to see in a dog with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis (NME)?

What is the significance of contrast enhancement on a brain MRI?

An 11-month-old Lynx presents with ataxia and a history of an unresolved upper respiratory and ear infection despite multiple rounds of antibiotics. Which differential diagnosis is MOST likely?

What MRI finding is MOST suggestive of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in the brain?

Hydrocephalus is characterized by:

What is the significance of ependymal enhancement in brain MRI?

A 13-year-old Australian Shepherd presents with acute non-ambulatory tetraparesis, severe vestibular ataxia, and a left-sided head tilt. What anatomical location is MOST likely affected?

What MRI sequences are MOST useful for evaluating the brainstem and cerebellum?

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is MOST useful for identifying:

What does ADC map stand for?

When interpreting brain MRI, what does 'perilesional edema' refer to?

Given a clinical presentation of acute vestibular signs and tetraparesis in an older dog, which differential is MOST likely?

A 6-year-old English Bulldog presents with a progressive left forelimb knuckling and behavior changes. What type of lesion is MOST likely, given these clinical signs?

What are the key MRI findings suggestive of a neoplastic lesion in the brain?

Which of the following would be classified as an intra-axial brain lesion?

A lesion described as 'broad-based' is more likely to be:

What MRI feature is MOST indicative of an extra-axial brain tumor, such as a meningioma?

A pug presents with seizures. An MRI reveals multifocal lesions that are hyperintense on T2w/FLAIR and hypointense on T1w, along with contrast enhancement. There is no mass effect or herniation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

An 11-month-old cat presents with ataxia and a history of chronic upper respiratory infection unresponsive to antibiotics. MRI reveals ventricular enlargement and intense ependymal enhancement. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A 13-year-old Australian Shepherd presents with acute onset of vestibular signs and tetraparesis. MRI reveals a focal lesion in the cerebellum. DWI shows restricted diffusion. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A 6-year-old English Bulldog presents with behavior changes and progressive left forelimb knuckling. MRI reveals a focal lesion in the right cerebrum with mass effect, perilesional edema, and contrast enhancement. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

On a T2-weighted MRI of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) appears

Which of the following sequences provides the best anatomical detail of the brain?

What is the primary reason for using contrast agents in brain MRI?

Which imaging modality is considered superior to MRI for initial detection of skull fractures?

What is the MOST common cause of hydrocephalus?

If you suspect that a patient has suffered a very recent stroke ( $< 6$ hours), which MRI sequence is MOST sensitive for detecting acute ischemic changes?

Which of the following statements best describes the location of a subfalcine herniation?

Which MRI sequence would best help differentiate vasogenic from cytotoxic edema?

Which statement BEST differentiates intra-axial from extra-axial brain lesions?

An MRI of a brain shows a lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere that is hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images. Additionally, the lesion demonstrates significant ring enhancement after contrast administration. Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause?

Which event below MOST directly gives rise to 'mass effect'?

Following a traumatic injury, a patient exhibits signs of increased intracranial pressure without any evidence of large hematomas or space-occupying lesions on initial imaging. Which physiological chain-of-events represents the MOST likely cause of this increased pressure?

In an MRI sequence, which of the following best describes the appearance of CSF in a T2-weighted image?

What is the primary purpose of a FLAIR sequence in brain MRI?

What does 'iso-intense' mean when describing a lesion on a T1-weighted MRI?

What is the MOST likely interpretation of a lesion that appears hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images?

What is the MOST accurate description of 'mass effect' on brain MRI?

Which of the following features is LEAST indicative of mass effect?

In what anatomical location does a subfalcine (cingulate) herniation occur?

What is the MOST common type of brain herniation seen in small animals?

Which imaging plane is MOST useful for evaluating foraminal (cerebellar) herniation?

What is the MOST sensitive MRI sequence for detecting hemorrhage?

On a GRE sequence, how does acute hemorrhage typically appear?

What does 'dural tail' refer to in the context of brain MRI?

What signalment is most typical for dogs that develop gliomas?

Which type of lesion typically demonstrates strong and homogenous contrast enhancement?

Which of the following is the MOST typical MRI characteristic of an ischemic infarct in the acute stage?

In the context of brain MRI, what does diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) assess?

When evaluating a lesion suspect for possible infarction, what is the PRIMARY utility of the ADC (Apparent Diffusion Coefficient) map?

What is the typical shape and location of a cerebellar infarct?

A 6-year-old English Bulldog presents with seizures. Brain MRI reveals a single, large intra-axial mass in the right cerebral hemisphere with significant mass effect and hemorrhage. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

An MRI of a dog's brain reveals a lesion that is well-defined, triangularly shaped, and located in the cerebellum. The lesion is bright on DWI and dark on the ADC map. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

What is the PRIMARY difference between infectious and non-infectious inflammatory brain diseases regarding MRI findings?

Which statement BEST describes the typical MRI appearance of metabolic brain diseases?

Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of intra-axial brain lesions on MRI?

Which of the following characteristics would be LEAST expected in a case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) in a young pug?

Which of the following is typically associated with hyperostosis of the calvarium on brain MRI?

What is the MOST likely interpretation of a brain MRI showing multifocal, asymmetrical lesions that are hyperintense on T2-weighted images and FLAIR, with some lesions being hypointense on T1-weighted images, in a young dog?

If a mass is described as 'broad-based' on MRI, what does this suggest about its origin?

Without concurrent DWI, could you definitively differentiate vasogenic edema from cytotoxic edema?

A brain MRI reveals a lesion that enhances strongly and homogeneously after contrast administration. Which statement best describes why this is occurring?

Following a head trauma, a patient exhibits signs of increased intracranial pressure but initial MRI sequences show no evidence of large hematomas or space-occupying lesions. What is the MOST likely cause of the increased pressure?

A dog presents with acute onset of non-ambulatory tetraparesis, severe vestibular ataxia, and a left-sided head tilt. MRI reveals a well-demarcated lesion in the rostral cerebellum with no mass effect. Which of the following is the MOST likely conclusion drawn from this neuroanatomical localization?

Considering a scenario with a brain mass exhibiting hemorrhage, perilesional edema, and significant mass effect, which statement is LEAST accurate regarding intra-axial versus extra-axial categorization?

What statement related to diffusion-weighted imaging and likelihood of accurate infarct detection is LEAST accurate?

A 13 year old Aussie presents with acute vestibular signs. A lesion is identified in the cerebellum. Without an ADC map, what alternate sequence could you review to help determine if this is most concerning for neoplasia or vascular infarct?

When assessing an animal for mass effect, which feature is LEAST suggestive of significant intracranial pressure?

Which imaging sequence would be MOST beneficial to differentiate a possible lesion from CSF pulsation artifact?

When comparing intra-axial and extra-axial masses, which statement is MOST accurate?

When is mass effect LEAST likely to warrant immediate, aggressive intervention?

You identify a mass effect causing significant distortion of the brainstem. What clinical sign would correlate to the MOST severe finding?

On a T2-weighted MRI sequence of the brain, how does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically appear?

Which MRI sequence is designed to suppress CSF signal, making lesions adjacent to ventricles more conspicuous?

In MRI terminology, what does 'iso-intense' describe in relation to a lesion?

What is the primary purpose of administering contrast agents during brain MRI?

What MRI sequence is particularly useful for detecting hemorrhage due to its sensitivity to blood products?

Which of the following best describes 'mass effect' in the context of brain MRI interpretation?

Midline shift observed on a transverse brain MRI is a key indicator of:

Which type of brain herniation is characterized by the displacement of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum?

Trans-tentorial herniation involves the displacement of brain tissue across which anatomical structure?

Subfalcine herniation, also known as cingulate herniation, is best visualized in which imaging plane?

In the context of brain lesions, what does 'intra-axial' mean?

Meningiomas are typically classified as which type of brain lesion?

Which of the following characteristics is more suggestive of an extra-axial brain tumor compared to an intra-axial tumor?

What is 'hyperostosis' of the calvarium, and with which type of brain lesion is it most commonly associated?

What is the significance of a 'dural tail' sign in brain MRI, particularly in post-contrast T1-weighted images?

In an 8-month-old Pug presenting with seizures and multifocal brain lesions, which of the following is the MOST likely differential diagnosis?

What MRI characteristic is often associated with necrotizing lesions within the brain parenchyma, as seen in NME?

In contrast to inflammatory brain diseases, primary brain neoplasia like gliomas typically present as:

Which signalment is MOST typical for dogs developing gliomas?

What is the typical appearance of an ischemic infarct on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and ADC map, respectively, in the acute stage?

What is the underlying physiological process assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in brain MRI?

In the context of suspected cerebellar infarction, what is the typical shape and location of the lesion on MRI?

For a 13-year-old Australian Shepherd with acute vestibular signs and tetraparesis, and MRI revealing a focal cerebellar lesion with restricted diffusion, what is the MOST likely diagnosis?

How do metabolic brain diseases typically differ from inflammatory brain diseases in terms of lesion distribution on MRI?

Which of the following MRI features is LEAST expected in a case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) in a young pug?

If a lesion is described as 'ill-defined' on MRI, what does this suggest about its nature?

Without diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), differentiating between ischemic infarct and neoplasia in the cerebellum based on T2-weighted and FLAIR images alone is:

A brain MRI reveals a lesion that enhances strongly and homogeneously after contrast administration. What does this enhancement pattern primarily suggest?

Following head trauma, increased intracranial pressure without large hematomas visible on initial MRI sequences is MOST likely due to:

In a case with a cerebellar lesion, which imaging plane is MOST critical for evaluating foraminal herniation?

When comparing intra-axial and extra-axial masses, which statement about contrast enhancement is MOST accurate?

Which clinical sign would MOST strongly correlate with a mass effect causing significant distortion of the brainstem?

What is the MOST likely interpretation of a lesion that is hyperintense on T2-weighted images and FLAIR, but isointense on T1-weighted images?

If a mass effect is causing significant neurological signs, but MRI shows no herniation, is immediate intervention warranted?

Which MRI sequence is MOST beneficial to differentiate a true lesion from CSF pulsation artifact, particularly near the ventricles?

A lesion is identified in the brain parenchyma. It is described as well-demarcated, rounded, and surrounded entirely by brain parenchyma. This description is MOST consistent with:

Which of the following is LEAST suggestive of significant intracranial pressure related to mass effect?

In the context of brain MRI, what is the primary clinical utility of the ADC (Apparent Diffusion Coefficient) map when evaluating a lesion suspicious for infarction?

If a lesion is hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images, but shows no contrast enhancement, which of the following is the LEAST likely differential diagnosis?

On a FLAIR sequence, how does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically appear?

What is the MOST common type of brain herniation seen in small animal patients?

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of extra-axial brain lesions on MRI?

What does a triangular or wedge-shaped lesion in the cerebellum MOSTLY suggest?

In brain MRI, what is the MOST likely interpretation of a lesion that enhances strongly and homogeneously after the administration of a contrast agent?

A lesion described as well-demarcated is more likely to be considered:

If a brain lesion is described as intra-axial, the lesion is located where?

What is the BEST characterization of sulfa sign herniation?

What is the MOST accurate description for the location of Trans-tentorial herniation

What is the MOST accurate definition for dural tail?

When evaluating a patient with a suspected brain lesion, what is the PRIMARY purpose of comparing pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted images?

What is hyperostosis of the calvarium associated with?

Which of the following characteristics is LEAST likely to be associated with inflammatory brain disease as visualized through MRI?

Why are diffusion-weighted images (DWI) useful?

What is the diagnostic utility of the ADC map?

How can you BEST describe the appearance of T2-weighted images?

What are the different types of herniation?

If a mass is found to have caused a midline shift, what does this imply?

What best describes isointense lesions?

A veterinary radiologist is reviewing a brain MRI of a dog. The images reveal a well-defined, spherical lesion located within the brain parenchyma. The lesion exhibits heterogeneous contrast enhancement and is surrounded by vasogenic edema. Based on these findings, which of the following is the LEAST likely differential diagnosis?