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Questions and Answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

  • It requires no specific environmental conditions
  • It leads to a higher likelihood of successful fertilization
  • It produces a large number of offspring (correct)
  • It protects the eggs from desiccation

    • Which group of animals commonly uses external fertilization?

  • Birds
  • Mammals
  • Reptiles
  • Fish (correct)

    • What is a significant advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

  • It provides a higher likelihood of successful fertilization (correct)
  • It produces a large number of offspring
  • It requires a watery environment
  • It allows the release of eggs and sperm into the water

    • Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?

    <p>To facilitate the process of fertilization in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of reproductive strategies influences the evolutionary biology of vertebrates?

    <p>The success rate of fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces a nutrient-rich fluid that provides energy for sperm cells?

    <p>Seminal Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralize acidic urine traces in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Transport egg cells from the ovary to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Endometrium in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Houses and protects the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for driving spermatogenesis in males?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a sperm cell contains the genetic material and an acrosome?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In females, what stimulates the enlargement of one cell within a follicle each cycle?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the menstrual cycle, what happens during days 1-7 in the ovaries?

    <p>Secretion of oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Penetrating the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode offers the advantage of allowing parents to produce many offspring simultaneously?

    <p>Ovipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental strategy results in offspring that are born with their eyes open, covered in down or fur, and can stand shortly after birth?

    <p>Precocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals retain eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

    <p>Some reptiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parental care involves nest building, egg guarding, feeding, and teaching activities to increase the survival rates of the young?

    <p>Extensive parental care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

    <p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

    <p>Follicular Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the corpus luteum stop producing progesterone?

    <p>During Menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fluid-filled ball of cells that forms typically around five days after fertilization?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and contributes to maintaining pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the embryo become known as a fetus?

    <p>After 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the umbilical vein in the umbilical cord?

    <p>Carrying oxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Responding to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do grey matter and white matter refer to in the nervous system?

    <p>Different parts of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the cerebrum?

    <p>Interpreting sensations and enabling perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain helps maintain balance and muscle tension?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like the heartbeat?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the peripheral nervous system manages involuntary functions like digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Maintain balance by controlling involuntary actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of motor neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses from the brain to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Process information and determine appropriate responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron covers the axon, speeds up electrical transmission, and provides insulation?

    <p>Myelin Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone driving female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in female gamete production?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male sex hormone is primarily responsible for driving spermatogenesis?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Enzyme release for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the physical maturity in females during puberty?

    <p>Development of hips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

    <p>It leads to successful fertilization due to sperm meeting egg more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals commonly use external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

    <p>Amphibians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advancement provides protection to the developing embryo from dehydration and physical harm?

    <p>Placental development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

    <p>Increased chances of successful fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does internal fertilization allow terrestrial animals to reproduce without needing a watery environment?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of sperm meeting egg inside the female's body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretes progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

    <p>Follicular Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers ovulation in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Peaking levels of LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the amnion and chorion during pregnancy?

    <p>Form the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Transport of egg cells to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralizing acidic environment of the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Transport of egg cells from the ovary to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the cerebrum?

    <p>Controlling voluntary actions and intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the female reproductive system serves as a site for implantation of the embryo?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of villi in the development of the embryo after implantation?

    <p>Growth into uterine tissue to form the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the human nervous system, what is the primary function of effectors?

    <p>Responding to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synapses in neuron communication within the nervous system?

    <p>Forming gaps between neurons for impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the central nervous system acts as the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron carries impulses away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adrenaline in the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron fills the cell body and supports various cellular processes?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which point do sensory neurons transmit impulses from receptors to the spinal cord and brain?

    <p>When sensing stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Connect sensory and motor neurons, playing crucial roles in interpreting sensory input and generating motor output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like the heartbeat?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Manages involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

    <p>Facilitate communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific function of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmit impulses from the brain to effectors like muscles and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of ovipary as a reproductive mode in animals?

    <p>Allowing parents to produce many offspring simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode provides a controlled environment for the development of offspring and reduces the risk of predation?

    <p>Vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ovoviviparous animals, like certain species of snakes and sharks, retain eggs within the mother's body?

    <p>To reduce metabolic costs associated with true vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental strategy involves producing relatively mature and independent offspring with the ability to stand, walk, or swim shortly after birth?

    <p>Precocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parental care directly influence the reproductive success of vertebrates?

    <p>By increasing the survival rates of the young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the amniotic egg in vertebrates?

    <p>Preventing dehydration and physical harm to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals utilizes the ovovivipary reproductive mode?

    <p>Some species of snakes and sharks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Precocial developmental strategy in vertebrates?

    <p>Offspring born relatively mature and independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Vivipary differ from Ovipary in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Developing inside the mother with controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vertebrates, which feature enhances the survival rates of offspring by providing a controlled environment for development?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vertebrates, what is a key advantage of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization?

    <p>Increased offspring survival rates due to controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is essential for external fertilization to occur in vertebrates?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage does internal fertilization offer terrestrial animals?

    <p>Ability to reproduce without the need for a watery environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals commonly utilize external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

    <p>Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key benefit does external fertilization provide in terms of offspring numbers?

    <p>Ability to produce a larger number of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone peaks around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the amnion and chorion during pregnancy?

    <p>Formation of extra-embryonic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During copulation, where do sperm cells typically penetrate an ovum to lead to fertilization?

    <p>Jelly layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Stimulate follicle development in the ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone driving female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermatogenesis, what is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Enabling the sperm to penetrate the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In oogenesis, what is the fate of most haploid cells produced?

    <p>They degenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the enlargement of a follicle in females during each menstrual cycle?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male sex cell contains either an X or a Y chromosome for sex determination?

    <p>Spermatozoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Producing a nutrient-rich fluid for sperm energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the female reproductive system is responsible for transporting egg cells from the ovary to the uterus?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the vas deferens (sperm duct) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transporting sperm from the testes to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Releasing a mucus-like fluid before ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm cells mature and get stored after being produced in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures develop from the outer membrane of the embryo post-implantation?

    <p>Villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the umbilical cord in the placental connection?

    <p>Delivers nutrients to the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amnion in fetal development?

    <p>Protection and cushioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a detectable change in the environment that triggers an electrical signal in response?

    <p>Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Preparing the body for emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system decreases heart rate and dilates blood vessels?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory (afferent) neurons?

    <p>Sensing stimuli and transmitting impulses towards the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in the brain?

    <p>Transmitting nerve impulses between the spinal cord and the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the corpus callosum in the brain's structure and function?

    <p>Connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for maintaining body homeostasis through control over functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary muscles, allowing the body to react to changes in the external environment?

    <p>Somatic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does external fertilization offer to vertebrates, especially in terms of offspring survival?

    <p>Production of a large number of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy allows terrestrial animals to reproduce without the need for a watery environment?

    <p>Internal fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization in vertebrates?

    <p>Protection of eggs from predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions that are not needed for internal fertilization?

    <p>To facilitate the process in a watery environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant advantage of internal fertilization that contributes to successful reproduction in vertebrates?

    <p>Enhanced synchronization between sperm and egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the process of male gamete production?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in a sperm cell contains enzymes for penetrating the egg during fertilization?

    <p>Acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells divide through mitosis to form multiple follicles in females during oogenesis?

    <p>Diploid germinal epithelium cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the menstrual cycle, occurring approximately every 28 days in females?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode is characterized by retaining eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

    <p>Vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of precocial developmental strategy in vertebrates?

    <p>Ability to fend for themselves against predators early on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of parental care in vertebrates?

    <p>Directly influencing the reproductive success of parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates compared to external fertilization?

    <p>Greater protection for developing embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralizing acidic environment in the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Providing energy for sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina?

    <p>Prostate Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of the Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transporting sperm from epididymis to urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>Acting as a control center for autonomic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system component controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Spinal Cord in the central nervous system?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Producing progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum transform into the corpus albicans?

    <p>Luteal Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of an egg cell during ovulation in females?

    <p>Increased LH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is secreted by the blastocyst to aid in implantation during pregnancy?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the amnion during pregnancy?

    <p>Protect the embryo with amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to refer to the time from fertilization to birth in humans?

    <p>Gestation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the human nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions and is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fluid-filled sac where the embryo is enclosed during development?

    <p>Amnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses and contains gaps called synapses where neurotransmitters pass signals?

    <p>Synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the zygote form structures like limbs and necessary body organs during human development?

    <p>After 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adrenaline in the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Stimulate sweat secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates compared to internal fertilization?

    <p>Dependence on a watery environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals commonly use internal fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

    <p>Terrestrial animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization in vertebrates?

    <p>Reduced need for specific environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does external fertilization typically result in a larger number of offspring in vertebrates?

    <p>Sperm meeting egg outside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of external fertilization makes it more suitable for vertebrates in aquatic environments?

    <p>Need for a watery environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of ovipary in terms of reproductive success?

    <p>Ability to produce many offspring simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes precocial offspring from altricial offspring?

    <p>Can stand and walk shortly after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vertebrates, what is a key aspect of the diversity of reproductive strategies?

    <p>Parental care type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode combines aspects of ovipary and vivipary while providing protection to the eggs?

    <p>Ovovivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Producing a nutrient-rich fluid for sperm energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does a sperm cell mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Prostate Gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Producing an alkaline fluid as part of semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transporting sperm from testes to urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone driving male gamete production?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Penetration of the egg's outer layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the cyclical production of ova in females?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in a sperm cell?

    <p>Energy supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oogenesis, what happens to most haploid cells produced?

    <p>They degenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretes progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle burst to release an egg cell?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the development of more blood vessels and glands in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretion of oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process known as when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pivotal role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the human body?

    <p>Processing and transmitting information throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of human development does the zygote form a morula, then a blastocyst, and finally an embryo?

    <p>Development of the Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the villi in the development of the embryo post-implantation?

    <p>Develop into the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions?

    <p>Autonomic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?

    <p>Protect from physical harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Medulla Oblongata?

    <p>Controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain plays a key role in maintaining the body's homeostasis?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?

    <p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles such as the heartbeat and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of the central nervous system that transmit impulses within the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Increases blood pressure and stimulates adrenaline secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does adrenaline play in the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Prepares the body for emergencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses and provides insulation?

    <p>Myelin Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sensory (afferent) neurons from motor (efferent) neurons?

    <p>Motor neurons transmit impulses towards the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm mature and get stored after being produced in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland in the male reproductive system produces a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra for easier passage of sperm?

    <p>Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Penetrating the egg cell during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which female reproductive structure is the site of implantation and placenta formation?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Vulva in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Protecting the entrance to the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of vivipary as a mode of reproduction in animals?

    <p>Providing a controlled environment for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of precocial species in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Can stand, walk, or swim shortly after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male reproductive system is primarily responsible for producing sperm cells?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the diversity of parental care in vertebrates?

    <p>Closely linked to reproductive strategy and developmental mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vertebrates, what advantage does internal fertilization provide compared to external fertilization?

    <p>Greater likelihood of successful fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is crucial for external fertilization to occur in vertebrates?

    <p>Water availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does external fertilization contribute to increasing offspring survival under high mortality rates?

    <p>Enables a higher number of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals are more likely to exhibit external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

    <p>Aquatic fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature of internal fertilization enables terrestrial animals to reproduce without a water environment?

    <p>Fertilization inside the female's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what is formed when the nuclei of the ovum and sperm cell fuse?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium of the uterus?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and contributes to supporting pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone primarily drives female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the production of male gametes in the testes?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the middle portion of a sperm cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in females undergoes meiosis to produce haploid ovum cells?

    <p>Ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium break down and shed from the uterus?

    <p>Menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are interneurons primarily found in the body?

    <p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron?

    <p>Provides insulation and speeds up impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?

    <p>Controls voluntary muscle movements and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of motor (efferent) neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmit signals from the brain to muscles and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in memory, reasoning, and intelligence processes?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the female reproductive system develops finger-like structures called villi after implantation?

    <p>Chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the umbilical cord in the connection between the placenta and the embryo?

    <p>Carrying deoxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nervous system, what do receptors do?

    <p>Respond to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During human development, what is formed after the zygote divides by mitosis?

    <p>Morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves outside the central nervous system?

    <p>Somatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates over external fertilization?

    <p>Higher chance of sperm meeting egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes external fertilization in vertebrates?

    <p>Occurs outside the female's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates compared to internal fertilization?

    <p>Lower offspring mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does internal fertilization enable terrestrial animals to reproduce successfully?

    <p>By allowing fertilization inside the female's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is necessary for external fertilization to occur in vertebrates?

    <p>Availability of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone involved in driving female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells divide through mitosis to produce male gametes?

    <p>Diploid germinal epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Penetrating the egg's outer layers during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the ovarian cycle involves the development of a mature Graafian follicle in the ovaries?

    <p>Follicular Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the enlargement of one follicle that leads to the production of a mature ovum during oogenesis?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralize acidic urine in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina?

    <p>Prostate Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Provide energy for sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male reproductive system is a muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?

    <p>Vas Deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of ovipary in reproduction?

    <p>Ability to produce many offspring simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does precocial development differ from altricial development in vertebrates?

    <p>Altricial offspring can stand, walk, or swim shortly after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the developmental strategy of ovovivipary?

    <p>Metabolic costs associated with true vivipary are avoided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the amniotic egg that enhances the survival of terrestrial vertebrate embryos?

    <p>Protects the embryo from dehydration and physical harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vivipary contribute to the survival of offspring in mammals?

    <p>It provides a controlled environment for embryonic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum transform into a structure that secretes progesterone?

    <p>Luteal Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, what structure is formed as a result of the fusion of the ovum and sperm cell nuclei?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if fertilization does not occur during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Corpus Luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

    <p>Facilitates communication between the left and right brain hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining body balance and coordinating voluntary movements?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of the Medulla Oblongata in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by controlling functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Connect sensory and motor neurons, aiding in information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the time from fertilization to birth in humans?

    <p>Gestation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo in the human developmental process?

    <p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?

    <p>Provide oxygen to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for coordinating involuntary bodily functions in humans?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the transition from an embryo to a fetus during human development?

    <p>After 12 weeks of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and narrows bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of the Myelin Sheath in a neuron?

    <p>Enables the transmission of electrical impulses and speeds up their conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuron type plays a significant role in processing information and linking sensory neurons to motor neurons?

    <p>Interneurons (Connectors)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System during 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Receive signals from other neurons and transmit them away from the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the choroid in the human eye?

    <p>To absorb light and prevent reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye contains cones for bright light and color vision?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the yellow spot (macula) in the human eye?

    <p>To provide clearest vision with cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?

    <p>To alter tension on suspensory ligaments for lens accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human vision, what happens when viewing objects further than 6 meters?

    <p>The radial muscles relax and circular muscles contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a reflex arc?

    <p>Convert stimuli to reflex responses without involving the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an interneuron in the structure of a reflex arc?

    <p>Processes and relays impulses within the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a reflex arc is responsible for producing a response to a stimulus?

    <p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of impulse transmission in a reflex arc from the receptor to the effector?

    <p>Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Interneuron → Motor Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a reflex action in the body's response to danger or harm?

    <p>To provide an immediate response without involving the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neurodegenerative conditions, what is a key characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>It leads to progressive brain cell death over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does multiple sclerosis (MS) affect neuron function in the body?

    <p>By impairing the proper function of neurons through attacks on the myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes effectors from receptors and neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Effectors respond to nerve impulses by contracting muscles or secreting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear is responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cristae in the semi-circular canals of the inner ear?

    <p>Detecting changes in speed and direction of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cochlear implants differ from hearing aids in treating deafness?

    <p>Convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses for direct nerve transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands release their products directly into the bloodstream to exert systemic effects?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland secretes hormones that control growth, metabolic rate, and reproductive functions?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adrenaline secreted by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pituitary gland's growth hormone (GH) in the body?

    <p>Control growth processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of hormones are primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels in opposite ways?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for human enzymes to operate within a narrow temperature range around 37°C?

    <p>Enzymes denature at this temperature range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood?

    <p>Acidosis occurs, disrupting enzyme activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining blood glucose levels within a tight range vital for providing energy to cells?

    <p>Cells need a steady supply of energy to function effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the balance between water and electrolytes impact nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction?

    <p>Maintaining the balance is crucial for these functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when body temperature rises above the normal range?

    <p>Vasodilation and sweating are activated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

    <p>Detecting imbalances and initiating responses to correct them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high blood glucose levels affect insulin and glucagon release?

    <p>High glucose levels trigger glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increased blood carbon dioxide levels on breathing rate and depth?

    <p>Increased CO2 increases breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate water balance through the action of ADH?

    <p>ADH alters kidney water reabsorption to maintain blood water levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in salt balance regulation?

    <p>Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones regulate metabolism, energy generation, and neural development?

    <p>Thyroxin and TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

    <p>Detecting imbalances and initiating responses to correct them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to heat during thermoregulation?

    <p>Vasodilation and sweating to cool the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do low blood glucose levels impact glucagon release?

    <p>Low glucose levels trigger glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when carbon dioxide levels in the blood are increased?

    <p>Increased CO2 triggers increased breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carrying the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc directly carries the impulse from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands?

    <p>Motor Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a reflex action, which structure converts a stimulus into an impulse?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of an effector in a reflex arc?

    <p>Producing the response by contracting or secreting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, which structure carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of a reflex action?

    <p>To provide immediate response to avoid danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group typically experiences symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Individuals over 60 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multiple sclerosis (MS), what is the primary target of the body's immune system?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron transmits the impulse to other neurons or effectors?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

    <p>Changes the lens's shape for accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual defect is characterized by blurred vision due to an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens?

    <p>Astigmatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vitreous humour in the human eye?

    <p>Maintaining the eyeball's shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?

    <p>Pinna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of binocular vision in humans?

    <p>Providing depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance, affecting blood pressure and fluid balance?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid gland located and what hormone does it produce to regulate metabolism, growth, and energy production?

    <p>In the brain, producing thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone influences female reproductive cycles, pregnancy, and secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortisol, one of the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Regulating blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland, located in the brain, serves as a key regulatory center connecting the nervous and endocrine systems?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the ossicles contribute to the functioning of the human ear?

    <p>Amplify sound and transmit vibrations to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hormones from endocrine glands different from those of exocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine hormones are released directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine hormones are secreted to external surfaces or body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear?

    <p>Filled with perilymph fluid and houses semi-circular canals and cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cochlear implants differ from hearing aids in addressing deafness?

    <p>Convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses transmitted directly to the auditory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the constancy of the internal environment essential for efficient cellular function?

    <p>To provide the optimal conditions for cells to function effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate internal temperature to protect enzymatic processes?

    <p>By shivering and changing blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to tightly regulate carbon dioxide levels in the body?

    <p>To disrupt enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake or release from energy stores?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the balance between water and electrolytes impact nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction?

    <p>It is crucial for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain steady-state conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate blood glucose levels through negative feedback?

    <p>High glucose levels increase insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increased blood carbon dioxide levels on breathing rate and depth?

    <p>Increased breathing rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus contribute to water balance through negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>It triggers ADH secretion from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in regulating thyroxin levels through negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in salt balance through negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Regulates blood sodium levels through kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In thermoregulation, what physiological response helps cool the body in response to heat?

    <p>Sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased thyroxin level affect TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) release?

    <p>Decreases TSH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carrying the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc converts a stimulus into an impulse?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, where are motor neurons located?

    <p>In the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of effectors in a reflex arc?

    <p>Producing responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of receptors in a reflex arc?

    <p>Receiving stimuli and converting them into impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Converting stimuli into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Alzheimer's disease differ from Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in terms of age of onset?

    <p>Alzheimer's symptoms emerge after the age of 60, while MS cases have been observed as early as 40.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is responsible for detecting light and color in the human sensory system?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of synapses in a reflex arc?

    <p>Ensuring the correct pathway for nerve impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while PNS comprises all nerves outside the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cochlea, which structure contains sensory hair cells that convert sound into nerve impulses?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hearing impairment can be addressed by inserting grommets (draining tubes) into the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Middle ear infection with fluid buildup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the choroid in the human eye?

    <p>Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the human eye, what is the purpose of the vitreous humor?

    <p>Maintains the eyeball's shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ciliary body in the human eye?

    <p>Changes the lens's shape for accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye is responsible for transforming light into electrical impulses?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the optic nerve in the human eye?

    <p>Transmits impulses to the brain for image interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production in the body?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adrenaline, aldosterone, and cortisol primarily produced to influence various bodily functions?

    <p>Adrenal Glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are responsible for producing oestrogen and progesterone to regulate female reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Gonads (Ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is vital for maintaining homeostasis by controlling various bodily functions such as temperature, hydration, and metabolic rate?

    <p>Pituitary Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin secreted from the Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas?

    <p>Facilitates cellular uptake to lower blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does homeostasis contribute to the optimal functioning of cells, tissues, and organs?

    <p>By ensuring stable internal conditions despite external fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for the body to regulate blood glucose levels within a tight range?

    <p>To maintain a steady supply of energy for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do negative feedback loops play in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>They counteract changes in physiological conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to high carbon dioxide levels to maintain homeostasis?

    <p>By expelling excess CO2 to prevent disruptions in enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the balance between water and electrolytes crucial for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function?

    <p>To maintain optimal conditions for nerve and muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of thyroxin in the body?

    <p>Regulating metabolism and energy generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to high glucose levels to maintain blood sugar balance?

    <p>Increasing insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones regulates blood sodium and potassium levels?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to breathing rate and depth when blood carbon dioxide levels rise?

    <p>Increased breathing rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ detects changes in blood osmolarity to help regulate water balance?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

    <p>Detect imbalances and restore balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys to maintain blood water levels?

    <p>ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in response to low blood sodium levels?

    <p>Increases kidney sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to heat to maintain core temperature around 37°C?

    <p>Sweating and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers glucagon release in response to low glucose levels in the blood?

    <p>Decreased liver glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining blood glucose levels within a tight range important?

    <p>To provide a steady supply of energy for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

    <p>To change the shape of the lens for accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory system contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>By expelling excess carbon dioxide to maintain the acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blind spot in the human eye?

    <p>To allow the optic nerve to leave the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback loops in homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain stable physiological conditions by counteracting changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is acromegaly a disorder associated with abnormal growth?

    <p>Due to an overproduction of growth hormone in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high levels of carbon dioxide impact enzyme activity and cellular functions?

    <p>They disrupt enzyme activity and cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water balance crucial for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction?

    <p>To ensure optimal cellular function in nerve and muscle tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear is responsible for maintaining balance in humans?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vitreous humour in the human eye?

    <p>To maintain the shape of the eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a reflex action in the body?

    <p>Provides an immediate response to avoid danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alzheimer's disease, what is a characteristic symptom caused by progressive brain cell death?

    <p>Loss of memory and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Converting stimuli into nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of the body's immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Myelin sheath covering neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Controls involuntary actions vs. voluntary actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a reflex arc converts a stimulus into an impulse?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a motor neuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for producing the response to a stimulus?

    <p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific sequence of impulse transmission in a reflex arc?

    <p>Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Motor Neuron → Interneuron → Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>Equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the ossicles contribute to the functioning of the human ear?

    <p>Amplify and transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of an egg cell during ovulation in females?

    <p>Fertilization by a sperm cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the female reproductive system is primarily responsible for producing oestrogen and progesterone?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Production of insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenaline (epinephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is cortisol primarily produced and what is its main role in the body?

    <p>Produced in the adrenal glands to reduce inflammation and stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces growth hormone (GH) and has two distinct lobes?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormones are primarily produced by the ovaries and what functions do they regulate?

    <p>Oestrogen and progesterone, controlling female reproductive cycles, pregnancy, and secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Balances blood salt levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Release of insulin to lower blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Thyroxin in the body?

    <p>Regulates metabolism and energy generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate blood carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>By increasing breathing rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in osmoregulation?

    <p>Alters kidney water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to low blood glucose levels?

    <p>Releasing glucagon to increase blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release when thyroxin levels increase?

    <p>Decreases TSH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates salt balance by increasing kidney sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the response to correct an imbalance in homeostasis?

    <p>Detection of an imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of synapses in the reflex arc?

    <p>Ensure the speed and efficiency of the response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the yellow spot (Macula) in the human eye?

    <p>Area of clearest vision with the highest concentration of cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alzheimer's disease, why is memory loss a prominent symptom?

    <p>Resulting from progressive brain cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ciliary body contribute to vision in the human eye?

    <p>Changes the shape of the lens for focusing on near and distant objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most commonly affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Young adults between 20 and 40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the auditory canal in the human ear?

    <p>Direct sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the division of the human nervous system into CNS and PNS be characterized?

    <p>Voluntary and involuntary actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye is responsible for maintaining the eyeball's shape?

    <p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of binocular vision in humans?

    <p>Provide depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining blood glucose levels within a tight range crucial for cellular function?

    <p>To avoid fluctuations that can disrupt cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if carbon dioxide levels in the blood become too high?

    <p>High CO2 levels disrupt enzyme activity and cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for human enzymes to operate within a narrow temperature range?

    <p>To avoid impairment of enzyme function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor directly affects nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and overall cellular function?

    <p>Electrolyte balance like sodium and potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of negative feedback loops in homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain stability by counteracting deviations from set points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>To equalize pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the organ of Corti in the hearing process?

    <p>Converting sound into nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hearing aids different from cochlear implants in treating deafness?

    <p>Cochlear implants directly stimulate the auditory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands based on their secretion mode?

    <p>Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system releases products through ducts either externally or into body cavities?

    <p>Exocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor neuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a reflex action, what is the role of the interneuron located in the spinal cord?

    <p>Transmits the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, what is the function of the receptor?

    <p>Receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the essential functions of a reflex action as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Initiating automatic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc produces a response by contracting muscles or triggering gland secretion?

    <p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Secretion of insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are oestrogen and progesterone primarily produced?

    <p>Gonads (Ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Regulate sodium and potassium balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production in the body?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between positive feedback loops and negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Positive feedback loops amplify responses, while negative feedback mechanisms restore balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of homeostasis, why is negative feedback more prevalent than positive feedback?

    <p>Negative feedback is crucial for maintaining steady-state conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels according to negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>By releasing insulin to lower blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining thyroxin levels through negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Decreasing TSH release when thyroxin levels are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate blood salt levels using negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>By triggering aldosterone release to increase sodium reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to low blood glucose levels based on negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>By releasing glucagon to raise blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates increased breathing rate and depth to restore blood pH balance?

    <p>Increased CO2 concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body restore water balance through osmoregulation?

    <p>By adjusting ADH secretion to alter kidney water reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is thermoregulation important for the body?

    <p>To maintain core temperature crucial for enzymatic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a significant role in regulating metabolism, energy generation, and neural development?

    <p>Thyroxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?

    <p>Altering the shape of the lens for accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the choroid in the human eye?

    <p>Supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Optic Nerve in the human eye?

    <p>Transmitting impulses from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the human eye would you find cones for bright light and color vision?

    <p>Yellow Spot (Macula)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Vitreous Humour in the human eye?

    <p>Maintaining eyeball shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for human enzymes to operate at a narrow temperature range around 37°C (98.6°F)?

    <p>To prevent the denaturation of enzymes at extreme temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones like insulin and glucagon play in maintaining blood glucose levels?

    <p>Facilitating glucose uptake or release from energy stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining a balance between water and electrolytes crucial for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction?

    <p>To ensure proper cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative feedback loops in homeostasis?

    <p>Counteract deviations and return the system to its set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the body activate mechanisms like vasodilation and sweating when body temperature rises?

    <p>To promote heat loss and cool down to maintain optimal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for controlling sodium and potassium balance in the body?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Eustachian tube contribute to the functioning of the human ear?

    <p>Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Regulating blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the organ of Corti in the human ear?

    <p>Convert sound into nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear is responsible for maintaining balance by detecting changes in body's speed and direction?

    <p>Semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cortisol in the body?

    <p>Reducing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cochlear implants differ from hearing aids in treating deafness?

    <p>Directly transmit electrical impulses to the auditory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are responsible for producing oestrogen and progesterone?

    <p>Gonads (Ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Regulate various bodily functions through chemical coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of synapses in the reflex arc?

    <p>Direct the nerve impulse through the correct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by progressive brain cell death and usually affects individuals over 60 years old?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reflex arc, which type of neurons are responsible for activating the muscles to pull a hand away from a hot object?

    <p>Motor Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc directly produces the response to a stimulus?

    <p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a receptor in a reflex arc?

    <p>Converts a stimulus into an impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, which component carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an effector play in a reflex action?

    <p>Produces the response to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback loop is typically associated with events requiring a rapid outcome?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of homeostasis, what is more prevalent and crucial for maintaining steady-state conditions?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are disruptions in homeostasis most likely to lead to?

    <p>Diseases and disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions reflects a failure in homeostatic regulation?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To restore balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates metabolism, energy generation, and neural development by controlling thyroxin levels?

    <p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers insulin release to facilitate glucose absorption by cells and lower blood sugar levels?

    <p>High glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is blood pH balance restored when increased carbon dioxide lowers the pH?

    <p>.Increased breathing rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phytoalexins?

    <p>Antimicrobial compounds synthesized in response to pathogen invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant defense structure makes it difficult for animals to reach leaves and softer parts without getting injured?

    <p>Thorns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of prickles on plants like rose bushes?

    <p>To deter animals from eating the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanical plant defense strategy?

    <p>Presence of thorns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do spines on plants like cacti contribute to their survival?

    <p>By acting as a deterrent to herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways do plant defenses help them compete successfully for resources?

    <p>By deterring herbivores and limiting the spread of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying plant defenses in agriculture?

    <p>To develop strategies for pest and disease management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists benefit from uncovering plant defense mechanisms?

    <p>By revealing the complexity of plant biology and their ecological importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of volatiles organic compounds in plant defense?

    <p>Deterring predators of herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of auxins in plant growth?

    <p>Facilitating phototropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do auxins contribute to apical dominance in plants?

    <p>Inhibiting lateral bud growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone stimulates stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit enlargement?

    <p>Gibberellins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plant growth process do auxins play a crucial role?

    <p>Facilitating apical dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?

    <p>Preventing water loss during drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are auxins primarily produced in plants?

    <p>Stem tips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily regulated by gibberellins in plants?

    <p>Flower formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synthetic auxins selectively kill broad-leaved weeds without harming grass or crops?

    <p>By targeting the different hormone sensitivities of weeds and grass/crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geotropism, what happens to auxins in response to gravity?

    <p>They cause the lower side cells to elongate less.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential function of gibberellins in plant growth?

    <p>Inducing stem elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do auxins contribute to phototropism in plants?

    <p>Inducing growth towards light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary purposes of alkaloids produced by plants?

    <p>To serve as antinutritional compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of gibberellins in relation to seed germination?

    <p>Promoting early seedling growth after germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms?

    <p>To protect themselves against predators and environmental stresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of removing the tip of a stem on lateral bud growth?

    <p>Increased lateral bud growth due to auxin stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for promoting seed dormancy and ensuring optimal germination conditions?

    <p>Abscisic acid (ABA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tannins in plant defense against herbivores?

    <p>Binding to proteins and making them indigestible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synthetic auxins aid in weed control without harming grass or crops?

    <p>By exploiting hormone sensitivity differences between plant species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of synthetic auxins in weed management?

    <p>Killing broad-leaved weeds selectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of auxins in plant growth?

    <p>Regulate fruit development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do auxins contribute to phototropism in plants?

    <p>Enhance cell elongation on the shaded side of the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of plant growth is primarily controlled by gibberellins?

    <p>Seed germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lateral bud growth when auxins are actively produced at the stem's tip?

    <p>It is inhibited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plant hormones differ from animal hormones in terms of transportation?

    <p>Animal hormones act where they are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gibberellins in fruit enlargement in plants?

    <p>Stimulate cell division in the fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily regulated by auxins in plants?

    <p>Root elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does removing the tip of a plant stem (source of auxins) have on lateral bud growth?

    <p>It promotes lateral bud growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for the process of apical dominance?

    <p>Auxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gibberellins contribute to stem elongation in plants?

    <p>Stimulate cell expansion and elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gibberellins in plants?

    <p>Promote flowering and fruit development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Abscisic Acid (ABA) in plants?

    <p>Promote seed dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phytoalexins in plants?

    <p>Synthesizing antimicrobial compounds in response to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synthetic auxins contribute to weed control in agriculture?

    <p>Kill weeds without harming crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prickles on plants like rose bushes primarily function as a defense mechanism?

    <p>Creating a mechanical barrier against herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of auxins in geotropism?

    <p>Promote downward growth of roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant defense mechanism involves reducing the surface area of leaves and minimizing water loss?

    <p>Modification of leaves into spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves auxins accumulating on the shaded side of a plant?

    <p>Phototropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of volatile organic compounds produced by plants?

    <p>Attracting predators or parasitoids of herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of alkaloids in plants' chemical defenses?

    <p>Deter herbivores through toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thorns differ from spines in terms of their structure and function in plants?

    <p>Thorns are sharp outgrowths from the epidermis, while spines are modified stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism makes it difficult for insects and herbivores to navigate plant surfaces and consume tissues?

    <p>Secretion of sticky or slippery substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tannins contribute to plant defense against herbivores?

    <p>Decrease nutritional value of plant tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thorns on a plant like a rose bush?

    <p>Providing a mechanical barrier against herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of plants' chemical defenses against pathogens?

    <p>Antimicrobial activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants benefit from their structural and chemical defense mechanisms?

    <p>Enhanced reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prickles on plants like rose bushes primarily contribute to plant defense?

    <p>Deterring herbivores from consuming the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mechanical defenses like thorns, spines, and prickles in plants?

    <p>Serving as physical barriers against large herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the selective herbicide action of synthetic auxins based on?

    <p>Difference in hormone sensitivity between weeds and grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is involved in breaking seed dormancy and promoting germination?

    <p>Gibberellins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Abscisic Acid (ABA) in promoting seed dormancy?

    <p>Ensuring seeds only germinate under optimal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is often termed the 'stress hormone' in plants and is involved in reducing water loss during drought?

    <p>Abscisic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the control of weeds using plant hormones, applying synthetic auxins selectively kills broad-leaved weeds because:

    <p>Weeds are more sensitive to auxins than grass or crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone plays a central role in geotropism by causing differential elongation of cells?

    <p>Auxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemical compounds like alkaloids and tannins produced by plants?

    <p>To deter herbivores and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of chemical compounds binds to proteins and makes them indigestible to animals?

    <p>Tannins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of auxins in plants?

    <p>Stimulate stem elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of gibberellins in plants?

    <p>Promote fruit enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of apical dominance, what happens when auxins are reduced at the stem's tip?

    <p>Lateral buds grow taller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are auxins primarily produced in plants?

    <p>Root tips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of auxins in geotropism in plants?

    <p>Enhance response to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gibberellins contribute to seed germination?

    <p>Promote root elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone stimulates stem elongation and fruit enlargement?

    <p>Gibberellins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plant hormones known as cytokinins?

    <p>Encourage cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phytoalexins in plants?

    <p>Synthesizing compounds that kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sticky or slippery substances on some plants' surfaces contribute to their defense?

    <p>Making it difficult for insects to consume plant tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant defense mechanism involves producing volatile organic compounds?

    <p>Volatile toxic fumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thorns as a plant defense strategy?

    <p>To make it difficult for animals to reach leaves without getting injured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant defense structures, what distinguishes prickles from thorns?

    <p>Prickles are outgrowths from epidermis or cortex, thorns are modified branches or stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do spines on plants such as cacti contribute to their survival?

    <p>By reducing leaf surface area and deterring herbivores with sharpness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding plant defense mechanisms crucial for agriculture?

    <p>&quot;To reduce the need for chemical pesticides&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mechanical defenses employed by plants?

    <p>To protect against herbivores and environmental stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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