423 Questions
Which reproductive strategy involves the release of eggs and sperm into the water for fertilization?
External Fertilization
What is a key advantage of external fertilization?
Can produce a large number of offspring
Why does internal fertilization provide a higher likelihood of successful fertilization?
Allows sperm to meet egg inside the female's body
Which statement is true about external fertilization?
Requires a watery environment for fertilization
Why is external fertilization common among aquatic animals?
To facilitate higher offspring survival rates
Which reproductive mode provides protection to the developing embryo and increases the chances of successful reproduction in varied environments?
Vivipary
What is a key advantage of precocial species' developmental strategy?
Reduced burden of parental care
Which type of animals retain eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?
Ovoviviparous animals
Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?
Amniotic Egg
Where are the testes located in the male reproductive system?
Inside the scrotum
What is the function of Cowper’s Gland in the male reproductive system?
Lubricate the urethra for easier sperm passage
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for neutralizing the acidic vaginal environment?
Prostate Gland
What is the primary hormone that stimulates male puberty?
Testosterone
Which part of the sperm cell contains enzymes essential for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization?
Acrosome
What hormone drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
What is the primary structure in a sperm cell's head?
Acrosome
What process involves the production of female gametes in the ovaries?
Oogenesis
Which hormone stimulates one follicle each cycle in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium break down and shed?
Menstruation
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the follicle in the ovaries?
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
What is the process called when the Graafian follicle releases an egg cell?
Ovulation
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?
Oestrogen
What is the name given to a diploid cell formed by the fusion of an ovum and a sperm cell?
Zygote
After fertilization, what structure does the morula develop into?
Blastocyst
What is the role of the umbilical artery in the placental system?
Carrying deoxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta
Which term describes a fluid-filled sac that encases the developing embryo?
Amnion
What is the primary purpose of the autonomic nervous system?
Regulating involuntary bodily functions
Grey matter of the brain and spinal cord mainly consists of:
Cell bodies and dendrites
What is the function of effectors in the nervous system?
Responding to stimuli
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?
Cerebellum
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Maintaining body's homeostasis and controlling functions like hunger and thirst
What is the role of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Detect stimuli and carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain
What is the function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
Coordinating reflexes independently from the brain
Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary muscles like heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?
Stimulates sweat secretion
Where are interneurons primarily found in the nervous system?
In the spinal cord and brain
Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What is the function of sensory neurons in the nervous system?
Sense stimuli and transmit impulses to the brain
Which of the following is an advantage of ovipary as a reproductive mode?
Allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously
What is a characteristic of altricial species in terms of their offspring?
Require extensive parental care
Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?
The development of the amniotic egg
What is the primary function of the male testes in the reproductive system?
Producing sperm cells and testosterone
Which statement best describes parental care in vertebrates?
It is directly linked to the reproductive success of the parents
Which hormone drives male gamete (sperm cell) production within the male reproductive organs?
Testosterone
During oogenesis, how many haploid cells are usually produced, but only one survives to become a mature ovum?
Four
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?
Containing enzymes for penetrating the egg's outer layers
Which hormone regulates the enlargement of one cell within a follicle that undergoes meiosis during oogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the function of the tail in a sperm cell?
Propelling the cell forward for potential fertilization
What is the role of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Prevents menstruation and supports pregnancy
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?
Oestrogen
What process involves the formation of a blastocyst?
Development of zygote
During which stage of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum shrink if fertilization does not occur?
Days 23–28
What is the function of extra-embryonic membranes like chorion in the gestation process?
Contribute to placenta formation
What is the process called when the zygote divides by mitosis to form a morula and then a blastocyst?
Fertilization
Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta in the development of the fetus?
Villi
What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?
Waste removal
Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses towards the central nervous system?
Motor neurons
Grey matter in the nervous system primarily consists of which cellular components?
Myelinated axons
What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland in the male reproductive system?
Production of sperm cells
Which structure is responsible for neutralizing the acidic environment of the vagina to protect sperm in the female reproductive system?
Vas Deferens
What is the primary role of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
Housing and protection of embryo
Which hormone primarily stimulates male puberty?
Progesterone
What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Maturing and storing sperm cells
What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in the brain?
Controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing
Which part of the brain plays a key role in maintaining the body's homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What is the main function of the corpus callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres
Which part of the nervous system controls conscious movements and sensory information processing?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Connect sensory and motor neurons for interpretation of sensory input
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for restoring the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What type of neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What do interneurons primarily do in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons
Which part of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?
It does not require a watery environment for fertilization.
Why is external fertilization advantageous for aquatic animals?
It requires a watery environment for fertilization.
Which evolutionary advantage does internal fertilization provide terrestrial animals?
Avoidance of dependence on water for reproduction.
What environmental conditions are necessary for external fertilization to occur effectively?
Aquatic environments.
How does internal fertilization increase the likelihood of successful reproduction compared to external fertilization?
By allowing sperm to meet the egg directly.
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization for terrestrial animals?
No need for specific environmental conditions like water
Which statement best describes the advantage of external fertilization in aquatic animals?
Reduced need for parental care
Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions like water?
To facilitate egg-sperm meeting
What evolutionary advantage does the diversity of reproductive strategies offer vertebrates?
Expansion into various ecological niches
In what way does internal fertilization contribute to the reproductive success of vertebrates?
By enhancing sperm-egg meeting probability
Which hormone primarily drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?
Releasing enzymes for penetrating the egg's outer layers
What is the role of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Production of progesterone to maintain the endometrium
Which male reproductive organ contributes to neutralizing the acidic vaginal environment?
Prostate gland
What stimulates the enlargement of one cell within a follicle that undergoes meiosis during oogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the function of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
Transporting deoxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo
During ovulation, what happens in the female reproductive system?
The ovary releases an egg cell into the fallopian tube
Which term refers to the process of embedding the embryo into the endometrium?
Implantation
What is the primary role of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses between neurons
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?
Peripheral nervous system
What triggers the release of an egg cell during ovulation?
LH levels peaking
What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
It continues to secrete progesterone
What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
Leading to the thickening of the endometrium
Which hormone is responsible for preventing menstruation after ovulation?
Progesterone
What transformation does the Graafian follicle undergo post-ovulation?
It becomes the corpus luteum
Which part of the brain acts as a control center for autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature, and emotions?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the primary role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
Transmit sensory information from the body to the brain
Which type of neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the main function of the Somatic Nervous System in the peripheral nervous system?
Control voluntary muscles
What is the key role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Connect left and right hemispheres for efficient communication
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Preparing the body for emergency situations
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Where are interneurons primarily found in the nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?
Preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations
Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses towards the central nervous system?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Which reproductive mode combines aspects of both ovipary and vivipary, providing protection to the eggs while avoiding metabolic costs associated with true vivipary?
Ovovivipary
What is the advantage of precocial species' developmental strategy?
Reduced parental care burden
What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?
Development of the amniotic egg
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for producing sperm cells and the hormone testosterone?
Testes
What is the main function of parental care in vertebrates?
Directly influencing reproductive success
Where are the testes located in the male reproductive system?
Inside the scrotum
What is the function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Site of fertilization
What is the primary role of the Prostate Gland in the male reproductive system?
Producing alkaline fluid as part of semen
What is the function of the Endometrium in the female reproductive system?
Site of implantation and placenta formation
Which structure in a sperm cell contains enzymes essential for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization?
Acrosome
What is a key advantage of external fertilization for vertebrates?
Requires specific environmental conditions
Why does internal fertilization provide a higher likelihood of successful fertilization compared to external fertilization?
Allows for fertilization to occur inside the female's body
In what way does external fertilization differ from internal fertilization?
Requires specific environmental conditions like water
What is a primary advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization for vertebrates?
Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg for successful fertilization
How do the diversity of reproductive strategies contribute to the evolutionary biology of vertebrates?
They offer insights into adaptive responses and evolution
What is the main advantage of ovipary as a reproductive mode?
It allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously
Which developmental strategy results in potentially higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood?
Altricial
What is the key aspect of the amniotic egg that enables reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
Shell and several membranes
Which statement best describes parental care in vertebrates?
Variability is linked to offspring development mode
What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?
Protecting from environmental hazards
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?
Releasing enzymes to penetrate the egg's outer layers
Which hormone drives male gamete (sperm cell) production within the male reproductive organs?
Testosterone
What is the primary structure in a sperm cell's head?
Nucleus with autosomes
Which cellular component primarily provides essential nutrients for the developing egg in the female reproductive system?
Cytoplasm
What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the female reproductive system?
Initiating meiosis in follicle cells
What is the term used to describe the developmental stage of the embryo after 12 weeks of gestation?
Fetus
Where does implantation of the embryo take place in the female reproductive system?
Uterus
Which structure develops from the zygote's outer membrane and grows into the uterine tissue to form the placenta?
Chorion
What is the function of the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo?
Protecting and cushioning the embryo
Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors like muscles or glands?
Motor Neurons
Where does sperm mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?
Epididymis
What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Releasing a mucus-like fluid before ejaculation
What is the function of the vas deferens (sperm duct) in the male reproductive system?
Transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
What is the primary function of the Uterus in the female reproductive system?
Housing and protecting the embryo and fetus during pregnancy
What is the structure responsible for expelling semen and urine out of the male body?
Penis
What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the brain?
Coordinate voluntary movements and maintain balance
Which part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sensations from sense organs?
Cerebrum
What is the main purpose of the corpus callosum in the brain?
Facilitate communication between the left and right hemispheres
Which nervous system controls involuntary muscles in the body?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary function of motor (efferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands
What is the main function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Secrete progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential pregnancy
What triggers the release of an egg cell during ovulation?
Elevated LH levels
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for a potential pregnancy?
Oestrogen
What happens if fertilization does not occur during the menstrual cycle?
Corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone
What initiates the breakdown of the endometrium and the onset of menstruation?
Fall in progesterone levels
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Increase heart rate in emergency situations
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses towards the central nervous system?
Dendrites
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons
What is the function of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?
Constrict blood vessels in the skin
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization for terrestrial animals compared to external fertilization?
Reduced need for a watery environment
Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions like water to be successful?
To prevent egg desiccation
What evolutionary advantage does external fertilization offer aquatic animals?
Enhanced offspring survival rates
How does internal fertilization increase the likelihood of successful fertilization?
By ensuring sperm and egg meet more easily
Which reproductive strategy is more advantageous in environments with high mortality rates due to its ability to produce a large number of offspring?
External fertilization
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Produce a nutrient-rich fluid for sperm mobility
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for producing an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina?
Prostate Gland
Where does the process of fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
Fallopian Tubes
What is the primary role of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Store and mature sperm cells
Which female reproductive structure serves as the birth canal during childbirth?
Cervix
What is the term used to describe the process where the egg cell and sperm cell fuse to form a zygote?
Fertilization
Which part of the female reproductive system does the zygote embed itself into during the process of implantation?
Uterus
What structures develop from the outer membrane of the zygote and grow into the uterine tissue to form the placenta?
Villi
Which system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulating involuntary bodily functions?
Autonomic Nervous System
Which type of neurons are specialized nerve cells responsible for transmitting impulses within the nervous system?
Interneurons
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the primary function of Interneurons in the nervous system?
Process information and determine responses
What is the role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?
Prepare the body for 'fight or flight' situations
Where do sensory neurons transmit impulses to in the nervous system?
Central nervous system
What is the function of the Myelin Sheath in a nerve cell?
Speed up transmission of electrical impulses
What happens on Day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Follicle bursts to release an egg cell
Which hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
What triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining if fertilization does not occur?
Low Progesterone levels
What is the process where the zygote embeds itself into the endometrium called?
Implantation
Which structure develops from the blastocyst and contributes to placenta formation?
Chorionic villi
What is the primary hormone that drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
Which hormone primarily drives male gamete (sperm cell) production within the male reproductive organs?
Testosterone
During fertilization, what is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Penetrating the egg's outer layers
What contributes to the sex determination of offspring based on the information provided?
Genetic material in the sperm cell
What is the primary role of mitochondria in a sperm cell?
Energy production
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Acting as a control center for autonomic functions
Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary muscles for reactions to external changes?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the main function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain
Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between both brain hemispheres
Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously, spreading the risk of individual predation and increasing the chances of species survival?
Ovipary
What evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?
Amniotic egg
Which developmental strategy reduces the burden of extensive parental care by allowing the young to fend for themselves against predators shortly after birth?
Precocial
What is the primary function of the male testes in the reproductive system?
Produce sperm cells and testosterone
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously, spreading the risk of individual predation and increasing species survival chances?
Ovovivipary
Which hormone primarily drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
What is the role of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Secretes progesterone and prepares the endometrium for potential pregnancy
During spermatogenesis, what is the role of testosterone?
Drives the production of sperm cells
Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium after ovulation?
Oestrogen
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Containing enzymes for penetrating the egg
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum shrink if fertilization does not occur?
Luteal phase
Which hormone stimulates the enlargement of a follicle cell for meiosis during oogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What regulates the complex process of the menstrual cycle?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What happens if fertilization occurs during the menstrual cycle?
Corpus luteum remains active and continues to secrete progesterone
Which hormone is responsible for transforming the ruptured Graafian follicle into the corpus luteum?
LH
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?
Cerebellum
What is the main function of the Medulla Oblongata in the brain?
Regulating heartbeat and breathing
Which type of neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses from sense organs to the brain?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
What is the primary role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
It provides a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg
How does internal fertilization differ from external fertilization in vertebrates?
Internal fertilization provides a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg
Why is internal fertilization advantageous for terrestrial animals?
It allows reproduction without the need for a water environment
Which aspect of external fertilization poses a challenge for aquatic animals?
Need for specific environmental conditions like water
What role do reproductive strategies play in the adaptive responses of vertebrates?
They enable vertebrates to occupy a wide range of ecological niches
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body to react during stressful situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the main function of motor neurons in the nervous system?
Respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses from the brain to effectors
Where are interneurons primarily found in the nervous system?
Spinal Cord and Brain
Which part of a neuron covers the axon, speeds up signal transmission, and provides insulation?
Myelin Sheath
What is the function of Sensory (Afferent) Neurons in the nervous system?
Sense stimuli and transmit impulses to the brain
What is the primary role of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
Transporting nutrients from the placenta to the fetus
Which structure in the human nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?
Spinal cord
What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?
Facilitate communication between neurons
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Producing a nutrient-rich fluid to provide energy for sperm cells
Which part of the embryo develops into finger-like structures called villi after implantation?
Chorion
Which male reproductive organ is responsible for releasing a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra for easier sperm passage?
Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland)
Where are sperm cells primarily stored after maturation in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?
Contains enzymes for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization
Which female reproductive organ is responsible for connecting the ovaries to the uterus and serves as the site of fertilization?
Fallopian Tubes
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates compared to external fertilization?
Decreased chances of successful fertilization
Why do terrestrial animals rely on internal fertilization rather than external fertilization?
To ensure a higher chance of sperm meeting egg
What environmental condition is essential for external fertilization to occur in vertebrates?
Requirement of water
Which animals are more likely to adopt external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?
Aquatic fish
What advantage does external fertilization provide for vertebrates despite requiring specific environmental conditions?
Increases the likelihood of successful fertilization
Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously, spreading the risk of individual predation and increasing the chances of species survival?
Ovipary
Which developmental strategy reduces the burden of extensive parental care and allows the young to fend for themselves against predators early on?
Precocial
What is the evolutionary advancement that enables reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
Amniotic Egg
Which type of parental care involves activities like nest building, egg guarding, feeding, and teaching to increase the survival rates of the young?
Extensive care
What is the main advantage of ovovivipary as a reproductive mode compared to true vivipary?
Protection to eggs without metabolic costs
What stimulates the initiation of sperm cell production in males?
Testosterone
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the stages of oogenesis in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
During spermatogenesis, what is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Containing enzymes for fertilization
In females, what happens to the three haploid cells that result from meiosis during oogenesis?
One survives to become a mature ovum, and the other two degenerate
Which phase of the menstrual cycle involves the development of a mature Graafian follicle in the ovaries?
Follicular Phase
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Producing a fluid rich in nutrients for sperm energy
Which male reproductive organ releases a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra, facilitating sperm passage?
Prostate Gland
What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
Transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Which part of the female reproductive system is responsible for housing and protecting the embryo and fetus during pregnancy?
Endometrium
What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Releasing a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through easily
What triggers the release of an egg cell during ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
Peak levels of LH
During fertilization, what is formed when the nuclei of the ovum and sperm cell fuse?
Diploid zygote
What is the main function of progesterone post-ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
Thicken the endometrium
Where does the blastocyst embed itself during implantation in the female reproductive system?
Uterus
What initiates the formation of extra-embryonic membranes like the amnion and chorion during gestation?
Implantation of blastocyst
What is the term for the process where an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse to form a zygote?
Fertilization
Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta during development?
Chorion
What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses between neurons
Which system regulates involuntary bodily functions in the human nervous system?
Autonomic system
What is the primary function of the placenta in fetal development?
Oxygenate blood from the embryo
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Respond to internal and external stimuli
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?
Process information and determine appropriate responses
Which hormone is primarily associated with the 'fight or flight' response in stressful situations?
Adrenaline
What is the main difference between motor neurons and interneurons?
Ability to carry impulses towards or away from the central nervous system
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?
Cerebellum
What is the primary function of the Medulla Oblongata in the brain?
Transmitting nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the key role of Sensory (Afferent) Neurons in the nervous system?
Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses to the spinal cord and brain
What is the function of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses from the brain to effectors like muscles and glands
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?
It provides a higher likelihood of successful fertilization.
Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions?
To facilitate the process of fertilization.
Which statement best describes the role of external fertilization in vertebrates?
It provides a larger number of offspring.
What is a significant advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization?
It allows reproduction in terrestrial environments.
In terms of reproductive success, why might external fertilization be advantageous in certain environments?
It allows for a greater number of offspring to be produced.
Which reproductive mode involves animals giving birth to live young, providing nutrition and protection until birth?
Vivipary
What is the primary function of the amniotic egg during development?
Provide a controlled environment for the developing embryo
Which type of species produce relatively mature and independent offspring shortly after birth?
Precocial species
What is the key aspect of parental care that varies widely among vertebrates?
Extensive parental care
Which evolutionary advancement has enabled reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
Amniotic egg
What stimulates the production of female gametes (ova) in the ovaries?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which cells undergo meiosis to generate haploid sperm cells in males?
Diploid germinal epithelial cells
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?
Contain enzymes for penetrating the egg
During spermatogenesis, what is the result of meiotic division of diploid germinal epithelial cells?
Four haploid spermatids
Which cells in the ovaries divide through mitosis to form multiple follicles during oogenesis?
Diploid germinal epithelium cells
Which female reproductive organ houses and protects the embryo and fetus during pregnancy?
Endometrium
What is the primary function of Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Lubricating the urethra
Which male reproductive structure contains mitochondria providing energy required for movement?
Seminal Vesicles
What is the primary role of Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Providing energy for sperm cells
Where are sperm cells primarily stored after being produced in the testes?
Epididymis
Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta in humans?
Umbilical cord
What is the function of villi in human embryo development?
Forming the placenta
At what stage of development does the zygote divide to form a morula and then a blastocyst?
Post-implantation
What is the primary function of amniotic fluid during fetal development?
Facilitating movement and growth
Which part of the human nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions like digestion and heart rate?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Controlling involuntary actions in the body to maintain homeostasis
Which part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Decreases heart rate and dilates blood vessels in the skin
Which hormone plays a crucial role in preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Adrenaline
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Linking sensory neurons to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus during the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen
What is the term used to describe the process where the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?
Implantation
Which hormone prevents menstruation and supports pregnancy if fertilization occurs?
Progesterone
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum shrink if fertilization does not occur?
Luteal Phase
What triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
What is the primary function of the Cerebellum in the brain?
Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
What is the primary role of the Hypothalamus in the brain?
Control autonomic functions like hunger and thirst
Which part of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the main function of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between both brain hemispheres
What is the primary function of the interneuron in a reflex arc?
Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
Which component of a reflex arc transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors?
Motor Neuron
During a reflex action, which structure receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse?
Receptor
In a reflex arc, what is the function of the effector?
Produces the response to the stimulus
Which structure in a reflex arc transports the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?
Sensory Neuron
What is the immediate response when a person touches a hot surface?
The motor neuron signals muscles to quickly withdraw the hand.
What component of a reflex arc carries impulses from receptors to effectors?
Sensory Neuron
What is the key function of a receptor in a reflex arc?
Converts stimuli into impulses
Which structure in a reflex arc is located in the spinal cord and connects sensory and motor neurons?
Interneuron
During a reflex action, what is the role of an effector?
Produces actual responses like muscle contractions
What is the role of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
How are vibrations transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear in humans?
Via the oval window
What is the function of the organ of Corti in the human ear?
Converting sound into nerve impulses
How does the cochlear implant help individuals with deafness?
Converting sound vibrations into electrical impulses
What is a common cause of middle ear infection in humans?
Pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube
Which part of the inner ear detects changes in speed and direction of the body?
Cristae in semi-circular canals
What structures are part of the bony labyrinth in the human inner ear?
Semi-circular canals and vestibule
How does the oval window contribute to hearing in humans?
Transmitting vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
What happens when the organ of Corti in the cochlea is stimulated?
Sound is converted into nerve impulses.
What treatment option is available for deafness caused by hardening of ear tissues like ossicles?
Hearing aids that amplify sound.
What is the primary significance of a reflex action?
It provides an immediate response to avoid danger or harm.
What is the role of synapses in the reflex arc?
To ensure the speed and efficiency of the response
In Alzheimer's disease, brain cell death leads to symptoms such as ___.
Memory loss and confusion
Which age group is typically affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Young adults between 20 and 40 years old
What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?
To respond to nerve impulses
What is the main division of the human nervous system responsible for controlling involuntary actions?
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons or receptors?
Dendrites
What do photoreceptors in the eye primarily detect?
Light and color
'Reflex actions are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli, which involve a reflex arc passing through ___.' Complete this statement.
The spinal cord and the brain
What is the role of the Choroid in the human eye?
It absorbs light to prevent reflection and supplies nutrients to the retina
How does the human eye adjust for near and distant objects during viewing?
By altering the shape of the lens using ciliary muscles
What is the main function of the Optic Nerve in the human eye?
Transmits impulses from the retina to the brain for image interpretation
Which part of the human eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering?
Iris
What is the purpose of the Vitreous Humour in relation to light refraction?
Maintains the eyeball's shape
Which part of the human ear is responsible for transmitting sound waves to the tympanic membrane?
Auditory canal
What is the primary function of the pinna in the human ear?
Directs sound waves into the auditory canal
In which part of the human ear does sound energy get converted into mechanical vibrations?
(Eardrum) Tympanic membrane
What is the role of the inner ear in the process of hearing?
Converts sound energy into electrical impulses
Which structure in humans is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the brain?
Retina
What is the primary function of the interneuron in a reflex arc?
Located in the spinal cord, it carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
Which component of the reflex arc is responsible for producing the response, such as muscles contracting to pull a finger away from a flame?
Motor Neuron
What is the first component of a reflex arc that receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse?
Receptor
Which structure in a reflex arc transports the impulse from the sensory neuron to the spinal cord?
Interneuron
What is the role of an effector in a reflex arc?
Produces the physical response, such as muscle contraction
What structure carries the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors in a reflex arc?
Motor Neuron
In a reflex arc, where does an impulse go after reaching an interneuron?
Motor Neuron
Which part of a reflex arc is responsible for carrying impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord?
Sensory Neuron
What is the main function of a sensory neuron in a reflex arc?
Carries impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord
What does an interneuron do in a reflex arc?
Located in spinal cord, carries impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Why are synapses significant in the reflex arc?
To allow for the direction of the nerve impulse through the correct pathway
What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?
Responding to impulses sent by the nervous system
In the human nervous system, which component is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information?
Central Nervous System
What is the autoimmune disease characterized by attacks on the myelin sheath of neurons?
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Which structure in a reflex arc carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?
Interneuron
What is a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer's disease?
Impaired memory and confusion
Which part of the human ear responds to sound vibrations?
Hair Cells
What is an example of a receptor that detects touch or pressure in the skin?
Mechanoreceptors in the ear
Which system controls involuntary actions in the body?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses from receptors to effectors
Which structure in the human eye contains light-sensitive cells responsible for transforming light into electrical impulses?
Retina
What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?
Change the lens shape for accommodation
In bright light conditions, what happens to the pupil size controlled by the iris in the human eye?
Pupil constricts
Which part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?
Pinna
What is the outer ear structure made of cartilage flaps responsible for directing sound waves?
Pinna
Which part of the eye changes shape to focus light on near and distant objects?
Lens
What is the role of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmit impulses from the retina to the brain
How are sound waves directed into the auditory canal of the human ear?
By the pinna
What is the function of the vitreous humor in the human eye?
Maintain eyeball's shape
What is the area of clearest vision in the human eye with the highest concentration of cones?
Yellow Spot (Macula)
What connects the middle ear to the throat and helps in equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?
Eustachian tube
What part of the human eye contains blood vessels and pigments that absorb light to prevent reflection?
Choroid
Which part of the human ear is responsible for detecting changes in the head's position relative to gravity?
Semi-circular canals
What structures contain sensory hair cells that convert sound into nerve impulses in the human ear?
The organ of Corti
What is the name of the fluid-filled cavity that contains the ossicles in the human ear?
Middle ear
What helps in balancing and detecting changes in the body's speed and direction within the human ear?
Maculae in the sacculus and utriculus
Which structure connects the middle ear to the inner ear in humans?
Oval window
What is responsible for transmitting and amplifying vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
Ossicles
Which part of the human ear contains little hairs and wax to prevent foreign bodies from entering?
Pinna
What is the function of the vestibule (sacculus and utriculus) in the human inner ear?
Maintain balance and detect changes in body's speed and direction
What is the purpose of the little hairs and wax present in the outer ear?
To prevent foreign bodies from entering the ear
What is the primary significance of a reflex action?
To provide an immediate response to avoid danger without conscious thought
Which part of the human ear connects the middle ear to the throat for pressure equalization?
Eustachian tube
What role do the cristae in the semi-circular canals play in maintaining balance?
Detect changes in speed and direction of the body
Which condition is characterized by progressive brain cell death, symptoms like memory loss, and confusion?
Alzheimer's disease
What is the role of effectors in the body's response to stimuli?
Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system
Which structure in the inner ear is responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?
Cochlea
Which age group is typically affected by Alzheimer's disease?
Individuals over the age of 60 years old
What condition can be caused by a hardening of ear tissues like ossicles?
Deafness
What does the myelin sheath cover on neurons?
Axons
How are pressure waves generated in the cochlea's endolymph?
Through movement of the oval window
In cases of middle ear infections, what is inserted into the tympanic membrane for drainage?
Grommets (draining tubes)
What is the autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath?
Multiple sclerosis
What is the function of maculae in the sacculus and utriculus?
Detect changes in head position relative to gravity
Which part of the eye detects light?
Photoreceptors
In a reflex arc, what is responsible for transmitting impulses through the correct pathway?
Synapses
What is the primary function of cochlear implants?
Bypass damaged structures to directly stimulate the auditory nerve
Which structure is filled with a fluid called perilymph?
Cochlea
'Rod and cones' in the eye are examples of receptors for which stimuli?
'Light and color'
What is the primary function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?
To focus light on near and distant objects
Which part of the human eye contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones?
Retina
What is the function of the aqueous humour in the human eye?
Maintaining the shape of the cornea
Which part of the human eye is responsible for controlling the pupil size?
Iris
What is the area of clearest vision with the highest concentration of cones in the human eye known as?
Yellow Spot (Macula)
Which visual defect is characterized by difficulty in seeing close objects clearly?
Long-sightedness (Hyperopia)
During a reflex action, which component carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron?
Interneuron
What is the primary function of the effector in a reflex arc?
Produces the response
In a reflex arc, which structure acts as a structure that receives a stimulus and converts it into an impulse?
Receptor
What is the main role of the sensory neuron in a reflex arc?
Carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord
Which part of a reflex arc is responsible for transporting the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors?
Interneuron
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