Life Sciences P1 June Exam (Mix)
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Questions and Answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

  • Ability to reproduce in a watery environment (correct)
  • Lower number of offspring
  • Higher likelihood of successful fertilization
  • Protection of eggs from desiccation

Which vertebrates commonly use external fertilization?

  • Fish and amphibians (correct)
  • Reptiles and fish
  • Birds and mammals
  • Amphibians and reptiles

How does internal fertilization differ from external fertilization?

  • It occurs outside the female's body (correct)
  • It involves releasing eggs and sperm into the water
  • It increases the chances of offspring survival
  • It requires specific environmental conditions

Why is internal fertilization advantageous for terrestrial animals?

<p>It allows for a higher likelihood of successful fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fertilization offers a higher chance of sperm meeting egg in vertebrates?

<p>Internal fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode involves giving birth to live young?

<p>Vivipary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of ovipary?

<p>Increased chances of species survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental strategy involves producing relatively mature and independent offspring?

<p>Precocial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant evolutionary advancement related to terrestrial vertebrates?

<p>Amniotic egg development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is closely linked to the extent of parental care in vertebrates?

<p>Reproductive strategy and developmental mode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary male sex hormone responsible for driving the process of spermatogenesis?

<p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a mature sperm cell?

<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the enlargement of one follicle leading to the development of a mature ovum in females?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the lining of the uterus break down and shed?

<p>Menstruation (Days 1-7) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides essential nutrients for the developing egg in the ovary during oogenesis?

<p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum to prepare the endometrium for pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

<p>Follicular Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chorion in the development of the embryo?

<p>Contributes to placenta formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

<p>FSH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if fertilization does not occur during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cowper's Gland in the male reproductive system?

<p>Lubricating the urethra for easier passage of sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm get stored after being produced in the testes?

<p>Epididymis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing egg cells and secreting hormones?

<p>Ovaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Vas Deferens in the male reproductive system?

<p>Transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone that stimulates male puberty?

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main responsibility of the cerebrum in the brain?

<p>Interpreting sensations from sense organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is crucial for maintaining balance and muscle tension?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

<p>Transmitting information between the brain and peripheral nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?

<p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the human nervous system?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis and protecting from danger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the embryo develop into a fetus?

<p>Around 12 weeks of gestation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of motor neurons in the nervous system?

<p>Transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta in the development of the fetus?

<p>Forming finger-like structures known as villi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions in the human body?

<p>Sympathetic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nervous system, what is the role of interneurons?

<p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of effectors in the nervous system?

<p>Respond to stimuli detected by receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myelin sheath in a neuron?

<p>Provides insulation and speeds up transmission of electrical impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of internal fertilization for terrestrial animals?

<p>Higher likelihood of successful fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrates commonly use external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

<p>Fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of external fertilization?

<p>Requirement for specific environmental conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which strategy does fertilization occur inside the female's body?

<p>Internal Fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does external fertilization rely on to protect the eggs?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cowper's Gland in the male reproductive system?

<p>Neutralizing acidic environment of the vagina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?

<p>Providing energy-rich fluid for sperm mobility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct) in the male reproductive system?

<p>Transporting sperm to the urethra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Uterus in the female reproductive system?

<p>Housing and protecting the embryo/fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which male reproductive organ is responsible for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse?

<p>Urethra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of testes in the male reproductive system?

<p>Producing sperm cells and testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode involves retaining eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

<p>Ovovivipary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of precocial developmental strategy in offspring?

<p>Reduced parental care burden (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the amniotic egg provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

<p>Shell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of parental care in vertebrates?

<p>To reduce the chances of predation on young (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone drives the process of male gamete production within the male reproductive organs?

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a sperm cell is primarily responsible for penetrating the egg's outer layers during fertilization?

<p>Acrosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the division of diploid germinal epithelial cells through meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells?

<p>Spermatogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which female hormone regulates the cyclical stages of oogenesis, occurring approximately every 28 days?

<p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone that stimulates the enlargement of one follicle in the ovaries during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of an egg cell during ovulation?

<p>LH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if fertilization does not occur during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Breakdown of the endometrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the zygote undergo mitosis after fertilization?

<p>Fallopian tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy?

<p>Oestrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone?

<p>Luteal Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the developmental stage of the embryo after 12 weeks of gestation?

<p>Fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo?

<p>Umbilical cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Control homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system consists of cranial and spinal nerves?

<p>Peripheral nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the fallopian tube high up, leading to fertilization?

<p>Release of an egg cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motor neurons in the nervous system?

<p>Transmitting impulses from the brain to effectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the connection between neurons occur?

<p>Synapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in the body?

<p>Regulates involuntary actions to maintain internal balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons transmit impulses away from the cell body to effectors like muscles and glands?

<p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance and muscle tension?

<p>Cerebrum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

<p>Transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons are responsible for detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?

<p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

<p>Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nervous system, which part is responsible for controlling involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system branch is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

<p>Parasympathetic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

<p>Control involuntary actions and maintain homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons carry impulses towards the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

<p>Prepare the body for emergency situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the connection between neurons occur for signal transmission?

<p>Synapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Interneurons play in the nervous system?

<p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons and process information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Myelin Sheath in neurons primarily functions to:

<p>Insulate and speed up impulse transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg for successful fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is external fertilization more common among aquatic animals than terrestrial animals?

<p>Water is necessary to facilitate the process of external fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vertebrates, what is the primary benefit of external fertilization?

<p>Higher number of offspring produced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization in vertebrates contribute to reproductive success?

<p>Increases the probability of sperm reaching the egg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is internal fertilization advantageous for terrestrial animals?

<p>Enables mating in water-scarce environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major advantage does ovipary offer in terms of offspring survival?

<p>Spread of risk through producing many offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vivipary enhance the survival rate of offspring compared to other modes of reproduction?

<p>By reducing the risk of predation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of ovovivipary that distinguishes it from other reproductive modes?

<p>Young are born as fully developed, miniature adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advancement is facilitated by the amniotic egg?

<p>Expanding the range of habitats for vertebrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does precocial development reduce the burden of extensive parental care?

<p>Young are relatively mature and independent at birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone responsible for driving female puberty?

<p>Oestrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum post-ovulation to prepare the endometrium for pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the production of male gametes within the testes?

<p>Spermatogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum shrink and stop producing progesterone?

<p>Days 23-28 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

<p>Penetrating the egg's outer layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

<p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive process involves the cyclical development of follicles?

<p>Oogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process known as when the zygote embeds itself into the endometrium of the uterus?

<p>Implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the lining of the uterus break down and shed?

<p>Menstruation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the chorionic villi that extend into the endometrium and contribute to placenta formation?

<p>Chorion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where the embryo embeds itself into the endometrium?

<p>Implantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?

<p>Peripheral nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the finger-like structures that develop from the outer membrane of the embryo known as?

<p>Villi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid-filled sac encases the developing embryo inside the uterus?

<p>Amnion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

<p>Production of a mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ is responsible for receiving the penis and semen during sexual intercourse?

<p>Vagina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

<p>Production of nutrient-rich fluid for sperm energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

<p>Fallopian Tubes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?

<p>Production of an alkaline fluid in semen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and helping maintain balance and muscle tension?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?

<p>Acting as a control center for autonomic functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

<p>Transmit impulses from the brain to muscles and glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Central Nervous System controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

<p>Medulla Oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>Connect sensory and motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

<p>Decreases heart rate and dilates blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors?

<p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the neuron covers the axon, speeds up transmission of electrical impulses, and provides insulation?

<p>Myelin Sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which situations does the Sympathetic Nervous System primarily prepare the body for?

<p>'Fight or Flight' responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons in processing information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>Requires less water for successful reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is internal fertilization favored by terrestrial animals?

<p>Reduces the need for a watery environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor limits the widespread adoption of external fertilization among vertebrates?

<p>Risk of desiccation of eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vertebrates, what is a significant advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization?

<p>Higher survival rates of offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>Most suitable for aquatic environments with specific requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the sperm mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

<p>Epididymis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which male reproductive organ produces a nutrient-rich fluid crucial for sperm mobility and survival?

<p>Prostate Gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

<p>Lubricate the urethra for easier sperm passage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive structure is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium to help move egg cells?

<p>Fallopian Tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that houses and protects the embryo and fetus during pregnancy in the female reproductive system?

<p>Uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone that drives male gamete (sperm cell) production in the testes?

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the development of a mature Graafian follicle in the ovaries during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In females, what is the main function of the jelly layer surrounding the egg cell during oogenesis?

<p>Protection during fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During spermatogenesis, what is the main function of the middle portion of a sperm cell?

<p>Energy supply for motility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

<p>Digestion of egg's outer layers during fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the advantage of ovipary in reproduction?

<p>Allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously, spreading the risk of individual predation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the evolutionary success of vertebrates related to their reproductive strategies?

<p>Parental care ranging from none to extensive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do altricial species differ from precocial species in terms of offspring characteristics?

<p>Require extensive parental care and are born helpless (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amniotic egg in vertebrates?

<p>Providing a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does vivipary enhance the survival rate of offspring compared to other modes of reproduction?

<p>Because embryos are born as fully developed miniature adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the placenta during pregnancy?

<p>Exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta during pregnancy?

<p>Chorion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the amniotic fluid during fetal development?

<p>Providing a cushion for protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions like heart rate?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between grey matter and white matter in the nervous system?

<p>Grey matter consists of dendrites, while white matter comprises myelinated axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Secretes progesterone post-ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle transform into the corpus luteum?

<p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?

<p>Oestrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if fertilization does not occur in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs around day 23-28 of the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not happen?

<p>Progesterone levels fall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>Process information and link sensory neurons to motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

<p>Transmitting impulses towards the cell body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a sensory (afferent) neuron?

<p>Sense stimuli and transmit impulses to spinal cord and brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Stimulate sweat secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?

<p>Controlling autonomic functions like hunger and body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres?

<p>Corpus Callosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

<p>Transmitting impulses to muscles and glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary muscles?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Spinal Cord in relation to the central nervous system?

<p>Coordinating reflexes independently from the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving hormone for spermatogenesis in males?

<p>Testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

<p>Penetrating the egg's outer layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In females, what hormone regulates the cyclical stages of oogenesis approximately every 28 days?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in a sperm cell?

<p>Sperm motility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of an ovum contains essential nutrients for the developing egg?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of vivipary in terms of offspring survival?

<p>The offspring can receive protection from predators. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do precocial species differ from altricial species in terms of offspring characteristics?

<p>Altricial offspring are born relatively mature and independent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of the amniotic egg for terrestrial vertebrates?

<p>Protects the developing embryo from dehydration and physical harm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do ovoviviparous animals, like some species of snakes and sharks, retain eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

<p>To provide protection to the eggs while avoiding metabolic costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parental care impact the reproductive success of vertebrates?

<p>It directly influences the reproductive success of parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>It requires less water for the survival of offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is internal fertilization advantageous for terrestrial animals?

<p>It provides a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>It increases the chances of survival under high mortality rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vertebrates, what is the primary benefit of internal fertilization?

<p>Facilitates production of fewer but healthier offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is external fertilization more common among aquatic animals than terrestrial animals?

<p>It requires water to facilitate the fertilization process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the Seminal Vesicles produce fluid rich in nutrients for sperm cells?

<p>At the base of the bladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces an alkaline fluid in the male reproductive system that helps neutralize the acidic vaginal environment?

<p>Prostate Gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

<p>Neutralizing acidic urine in the urethra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the female reproductive system serves as the birth canal and receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse?

<p>Vagina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Vulva in the female reproductive system?

<p>Protecting the entrance to the vagina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle burst to release an egg cell?

<p>Ovulatory phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) in the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Trigger ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the corpus luteum to stop producing progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

<p>It remains active and continues to secrete progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the placenta during pregnancy?

<p>Transporting oxygenated blood from the mother to the embryo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of amniotic fluid during fetal development?

<p>It provides a medium for fetal movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, how many chromosomes does the zygote contain?

<p>46 chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system acts as the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

<p>Brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

<p>Parasympathetic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Myelin Sheath in a neuron?

<p>Insulates the axon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do interneurons primarily function within the nervous system?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors?

<p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in preparing the body for emergency situations?

<p>Increases heart rate and blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cerebellum in the brain?

<p>Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

<p>Medulla Oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

<p>Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system acts as a control center for autonomic functions like hunger and thirst?

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sensory (Afferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

<p>Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses to the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving hormone for oogenesis in females?

<p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

<p>Enzymes for fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of oogenesis does a mature ovum develop from one of the follicles?

<p>Maturation phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone drives the process of spermatogenesis in males?

<p>Testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria in sperm cells?

<p>Energy production for motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of ovipary in terms of offspring survival?

<p>Spread the risk of individual predation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of precocial species in terms of offspring development?

<p>Born with eyes open, covered in down or fur, and can stand shortly after birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ovovivipary differ from vivipary in terms of offspring nutrition?

<p>Offspring receive nutrition from egg yolk before birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage is associated with the development of the amniotic egg?

<p>Expanded range of habitats due to reduced dependency on water bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of parental care, what distinguishes vertebrates with extensive care from those with minimal care?

<p>Extent of survival-oriented activities towards offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which male reproductive organ is responsible for neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra?

<p>Seminal Vesicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

<p>To lubricate the urethra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which female reproductive organ provides an alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina?

<p>Uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

<p>Epididymis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

<p>To penetrate the egg cell during fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental condition is crucial for the success of external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>Watery environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does external fertilization produce a large number of offspring in aquatic animals?

<p>To increase chances of survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of vertebrates commonly utilize external fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

<p>Fish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization benefit terrestrial animals in their reproductive success?

<p>Allows reproduction without water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the chorion during fetal development?

<p>Developing finger-like villi that form the placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the female reproductive system does the zygote embed itself into during implantation?

<p>Endometrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?

<p>Transmitting impulses between nerve cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions like heartbeat and digestion?

<p>Autonomic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of amniotic fluid during fetal development?

<p>Serving as a protective cushion for the fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the formation of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a crucial role in preventing the breakdown of the endometrium if fertilization occurs?

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amnion during embryonic development?

<p>Softening the uterine wall for implantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the thickening of the endometrium in preparation for potential embryo implantation?

<p>Increasing Oestrogen levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum cease production of progesterone if fertilization does not occur?

<p>Luteal Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis by controlling functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system coordinates all voluntary movements and helps in maintaining balance and muscle tension?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?

<p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interneurons within the nervous system?

<p>Connect sensory and motor neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in the body?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis and controlling involuntary actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily do after an emergency situation has passed?

<p>Slows down heart rate and relaxes blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons and transmitting them towards the cell body?

<p>Dendrites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons, processing information and determining responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the corpus luteum to stop producing progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for potential embryo implantation?

<p>Oestrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle burst to release an egg cell?

<p>Ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amnion during fetal development?

<p>To encase the embryo in a fluid-filled sac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the chorion in the development of the blastocyst?

<p>Forming extra-embryonic membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta in the development process?

<p>Umbilical cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone peaks around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation?

<p>LH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chorion in fetal development?

<p>Developing finger-like villi that attach to the uterine tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the time period from fertilization to birth?

<p>Gestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between grey matter and white matter in the nervous system?

<p>Grey matter comprises cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter comprises myelinated axons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

<p>Facilitates communication between the left and right brain hemispheres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

<p>Medulla Oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>Connect sensory and motor neurons to interpret sensory input and generate motor output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements?

<p>Somatic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Spinal Cord in the central nervous system?

<p>Transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode provides protection to the developing embryo by allowing it to receive nutrition and protection inside the mother until birth?

<p>Vivipary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals benefits from ovipary by being able to produce many offspring simultaneously?

<p>Birds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of precocial species that distinguishes them from altricial species?

<p>Can stand, walk, or swim shortly after birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vertebrates, which developmental strategy reduces the burden of parental care by allowing the young to fend for themselves early on against predators?

<p>Precocial development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which evolutionary advancement in terrestrial vertebrates allows reproduction away from water bodies by providing a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

<p>Amniotic egg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Bulbourethral Gland in the male reproductive system?

<p>Secretion of alkaline fluid for neutralizing vaginal acidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do sperm cells mature and get stored in the male reproductive system?

<p>Epididymis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse?

<p>Penis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces a nutrient-rich fluid essential for providing energy to sperm cells in the male reproductive system?

<p>Seminal Vesicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?

<p>Contains enzymes for penetrating the egg cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

<p>Driving the division of germinal epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a sperm cell is primarily responsible for providing energy for motility?

<p>Middle portion (neck) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During oogenesis, what happens to the three cells produced through meiosis that do not become a mature ovum?

<p>They form polar bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the cyclical development of follicles during oogenesis?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chorion during fetal development?

<p>Formation of placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?

<p>It requires specific environmental conditions like water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the evolutionary advantage of internal fertilization in terrestrial animals?

<p>Enhanced sperm meeting egg likelihood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect does internal fertilization differ from external fertilization?

<p>It has a lower chance of sperm meeting egg. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key evolutionary benefit of external fertilization for aquatic animals?

<p>Increased chances of survival under high mortality rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does internal fertilization in vertebrates contribute to their adaptive responses to challenges?

<p>By increasing the chances of sperm meeting egg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Myelin Sheath in a neuron?

<p>To speed up the transmission of electrical impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons carries impulses towards the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system in the body?

<p>Maintain homeostasis through involuntary actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems?

<p>Their effect on heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy offers a higher chance of fertilization success due to internal fertilization?

<p>Internal fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is external fertilization less common among terrestrial animals compared to aquatic animals?

<p>Difficulty in protecting eggs from desiccation on land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage that internal fertilization provides to terrestrial animals?

<p>Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which vertebrates is external fertilization more commonly observed?

<p>Fish and amphibians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does external fertilization lead to the production of a larger number of offspring compared to internal fertilization?

<p>More gametes released into the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive mode is characterized by retaining eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

<p>Ovovivipary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the embryo to the placenta in the developmental process?

<p>Umbilical cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amniotic egg in vertebrates?

<p>Protecting the developing embryo from dehydration and physical harm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the embryo embedding itself into the endometrium?

<p>Implantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental strategy produces underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

<p>Altricial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of grey matter in the nervous system?

<p>Contain cell bodies and dendrites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advancement enabled reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?

<p>Amniotic egg development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system acts as the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

<p>Central Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrate group is known for giving birth to live young with the embryo developing inside the mother?

<p>Mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between white matter and grey matter in the nervous system?

<p>Grey matter consists of cell bodies, white matter comprises myelinated axons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?

<p>Provide energy for sperm cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the Cowper's Glands located in the male reproductive system?

<p>Attached to the vas deferens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Endometrium in the female reproductive system?

<p>Site of implantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which male reproductive organ is responsible for producing testosterone?

<p>Testes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?

<p>Transport egg cells and site of fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if fertilization occurs during the menstrual cycle?

<p>The endometrium thickens and develops more blood vessels and glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the formation of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium thicken in preparation for embryo implantation?

<p>Luteal Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus?

<p>Oestrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transformation of a Graafian follicle into after ovulation?

<p>Corpus Luteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key physical change marking sexual maturity in females?

<p>Increased muscular development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During spermatogenesis, what is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

<p>Producing enzymes for penetration of the egg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which male reproductive organ plays a direct role in the production of sperm cells?

<p>Testes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which female gametes (ova) are produced in the ovaries?

<p>Meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the human female reproductive system, what is the role of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Preparation for potential embryo implantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

<p>Cerebrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?

<p>Facilitating communication between the left and right hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?

<p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Hypothalamus in the brain?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls conscious movements and sensory information processing from the external environment?

<p>Somatic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Maintain homeostasis and control involuntary bodily functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons and process information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of adrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Prepare the body for 'fight or flight' situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sensory neuron in a reflex arc?

<p>Carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for converting the stimulus into an impulse?

<p>Receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the motor neuron in a reflex arc?

<p>Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a reflex arc is responsible for producing the response?

<p>Effector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reflex arc, what does the interneuron do?

<p>Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an effector in a reflex arc?

<p>Producing responses in muscles or glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of a reflex action?

<p>To provide an immediate response without conscious thought (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapses in the reflex arc?

<p>Ensure the speed and efficiency of the response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Characterized by progressive brain cell death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group does multiple sclerosis (MS) typically affect?

<p>Young adults between 20 and 40 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?

<p>To transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do effectors respond to impulses from the nervous system?

<p>By contracting muscles or secreting substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Divided into autonomic and somatic systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

<p>To change the lens's shape for accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye plays a major role in maintaining the shape of the eyeball?

<p>Vitreous Humour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of binocular vision in humans?

<p>To judge distance, depth, and size of objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual defect results in the inability to see distant objects clearly?

<p>Short-sightedness (Myopia) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the optic nerve play in vision?

<p>Transmitting impulses from the retina to the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?

<p>Pinna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the middle ear in human hearing?

<p>Transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures in the middle ear transmit and amplify vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

<p>Hammer, anvil, stirrup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

<p>Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid-filled structure within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear contains the membranous labyrinth with endolymph?

<p>Cochlea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are pressure waves in the cochlea's endolymph generated?

<p>Vibrations of the oval window (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?

<p>Organ of Corti (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common treatments for middle ear infection according to the text?

<p>Medication and insertion of grommets into the tympanic membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cochlear implant aid individuals with deafness?

<p>By directly transmitting electrical impulses to the auditory nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of balance maintenance in the human ear?

<p>Detecting changes in speed and direction of movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the ear is responsible for maintaining balance by detecting changes in head position relative to gravity?

<p>Semi-circular canals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a reflex action?

<p>It provides an immediate response to avoid danger. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

<p>It involves progressive brain cell death over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do effectors do in response to nerve impulses?

<p>They respond to the impulses sent by the nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do synapses play in the nervous system?

<p>They ensure the speed and efficiency of the response in a reflex arc. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures detect light and color in the eye?

<p>Photoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Neurons in the nervous system?

<p>To carry information through electrical and chemical signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Multiple Sclerosis (MS) affect neurons?

<p>It impairs neurons' proper function by attacking the myelin sheath. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

<p>Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a reflex action, where is the impulse transmitted after reaching the sensory neuron?

<p>To the interneuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for converting a stimulus into an impulse?

<p>Receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the effector in a reflex arc?

<p>Produces the response in muscles or glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a reflex arc transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands?

<p>Effector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of impulse transmission in a reflex arc?

<p>Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Motor Neuron → Effector → Interneuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a sensory neuron in a reflex arc?

<p>Converts stimuli into impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

<p>Balancing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human ear is responsible for maintaining balance?

<p>Cristae in semi-circular canals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear and filled with perilymph fluid?

<p>Semi-circular canals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the oval window moves due to sound vibrations?

<p>Generates pressure waves in the cochlea's endolymph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains sensory hair cells and converts sound into nerve impulses?

<p>Organ of Corti (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for middle ear infection?

<p>Insertion of grommets into the tympanic membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are balance changes detected in the body relative to gravity?

<p>By maculae in sacculus and utriculus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inserted into the tympanic membrane to treat middle ear infection?

<p>Grommets (draining tubes) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear amplifies sound vibrations and transmits them to the inner ear?

<p>Ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

<p>Alters the lens shape for focusing on near and distant objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye contains the highest concentration of cones and offers the clearest vision?

<p>Yellow Spot (Macula) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens shape in the human eye when viewing objects further than 6 meters?

<p>It becomes less convex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In bright light, what happens to the size of the pupil in the human eye?

<p>It significantly shrinks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual defect is characterized by the inability to see distant objects clearly?

<p>Short-sightedness (Myopia) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?

<p>Pinna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the auditory canal in the human ear?

<p>Transmit sound waves to the tympanic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a reflex action?

<p>Automatic and rapid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the reflex arc carries the impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord?

<p>Sensory Neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the effector in a reflex arc?

<p>Produces a response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure converts a stimulus into an impulse in a reflex arc?

<p>Receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the interneuron located in the reflex arc?

<p>Spinal Cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly represents the transmission of impulses in a reflex arc?

<p>Sensory Neuron → Motor Neuron → Effector → Receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the motor neuron do in a reflex arc?

<p>Carries impulses from the spinal cord to effectors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of a reflex action in the body?

<p>To ensure immediate response to avoid danger or harm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Characterized by progressive brain cell death over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapses in the reflex arc?

<p>Speed up and direct the nerve impulse through the correct pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In multiple sclerosis (MS), what is the primary consequence of the immune system attacking the myelin sheath?

<p>Impairment of neuron function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neurons in the nervous system?

<p>To transmit impulses from receptors to the central nervous system and effectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do effectors respond to impulses sent by the nervous system?

<p>By activating muscles or secreting substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like heart rate?

<p>Central Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?

<p>Alter the tension on the suspensory ligaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human eye is responsible for maintaining the eyeball's shape and playing a minor role in light refraction?

<p>Vitreous Humour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which visual defect does an individual have difficulty seeing close objects clearly?

<p>Hyperopia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the iris in the human eye when adjusting to dim light?

<p>Contract radial muscles and relax circular muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal in the human ear?

<p>Pinna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the human ear is responsible for transmitting sound waves to the tympanic membrane?

<p>Outer ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of binocular vision in humans?

<p>Improved distance perception and depth judgment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Eustachian tube function in relation to the middle ear?

<p>It equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the organ of Corti in the human ear?

<p>Converts sound into nerve impulses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human ear is responsible for detecting changes in body speed and direction?

<p>Semi-circular canals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of a middle ear infection?

<p>Pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are hearing aids beneficial for individuals with deafness?

<p>Amplify sound for better hearing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the inner ear is filled with a fluid called perilymph?

<p>Cochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the maculae in the human ear?

<p>Detect changes in head position relative to gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cochlear implants aid individuals with deafness?

<p>Convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vestibule in the inner ear?

<p>Contains sacculus and utriculus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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