BIOL 2301 Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture Midterm II Study Guide PDF

BIOL 2301 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture Midterm II – Study Guide (Chapters 7 to 12) Chapter 7: Bones and Cartilages functions of bones cartilage structure and types (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage) growth of cartilage bone - types (compact or dens...

BIOL 2301 – Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture Midterm II – Study Guide (Chapters 7 to 12) Chapter 7: Bones and Cartilages functions of bones cartilage structure and types (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage) growth of cartilage bone - types (compact or dense, spongy or cancellated) classification of bones structure of a long bone microscopic structure of bone tissue types of bone cells bone development intramembranous and endochondral ossification bone growth bone remodeling bone resorption effects of parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, estrogens, vitamin D3 and calcitonin on bone bone diseases - osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia bone fractures – types bone markings Chapter 8: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton axial and appendicular skeleton axial skeleton skull - bones of cranium (8), facial bones (14) foramina in skull – foramen magnum skull sinuses sutures hyoid bone vertebral column – 26 vertebrae characteristics of regional vertebrae - atlas, axis, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx abnormal curvatures primary and secondary curvatures structure of typical vertebra intervertebral discs sternum and rib cage appendicular skeleton pectoral girdle and clavicles bones of upper extremities or limbs (upper arm, forearm and hand) pelvic girdle (coxal bone) bones of lower extremities or limbs (thigh, lower leg and foot, patella) Chapter 9: Skeletal Articulations Functional classification (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses) structural classification (fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints) fibrous joints (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses) cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) synovial joints - structure, location and degree of movement allowed bursa and tendon sheath classification of diarthrotic joints uniaxial joints - plane, hinge, pivot biaxial joints - condyloid, saddle multiaxial joints - ball-and-socket special movements - gliding movements, angular movements, flexion, extension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, supination and pronation, inversion and eversion, protraction and retraction, elevation and depression, opposition types of synovial joints - shoulder and hip joints, elbow and knee joint joint disorders - bursitis and tendonitis, arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis Chapter 10: Structure and Function of Muscles types of muscular tissue - skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles functional characteristics of muscles - excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity functions of muscle skeletal muscle anatomy origin and insertion of muscles - tendons and aponeuroses muscle coverings - endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, deep fascia skeletal muscle fiber structure - sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum etc. structure of sarcomere - myofilaments, sarcomere, myofibrils, bands and line/disc muscle proteins - actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, titin, actinin, dystrophin neuromuscular junctions – synaptic transmission skeletal muscle physiology sliding filament theory - excitation-contraction coupling mechanism of muscle contraction – role of Ca2+, ATP rigor mortis energy demands of muscles types of muscle fibers - red, white and pink muscle fibers graded muscle contractions, muscle twitch - types isometric and isotonic contractions smooth muscle - structure, function, and differences from skeletal muscles Myasthenia gravis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy Chapter 11: Superficial Muscles of the Body naming the muscle A. Muscles of Head and Neck (selected muscles): 1. Epicranius (also known as occipitofrontalis) 2. Orbicularis oculi 3. Orbicularis oris 4. Zygomaticus major and minor  5. Mentalis 6. Platysma 7. Masseter 8. Temporalis 7. Buccinator 8. Sternocleidomastoid B. Anterior trunk muscles that move the arm and shoulder (selected muscles): 1. Pectoralis major 2. Deltoid 3. Serratus anterior 4. Pectoralis minor 5. Biceps brachii 6. Brachioradialis C. Posterior trunk muscles that move the arm and shoulder (selected muscles): 1. Trapezius 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Triceps brachii 4. Infraspinatus 5. Teres major and minor 6. Rhomboids major and minor D. Muscles that move the wrist and hand (selected muscles): 1. Flexor carpi ulnaris 2. Flexor digitorum superficialis 3. Extensor digitorum 4. Extensor carpi ulnaris E. Trunk muscles that move the abdomen (selected muscles): 1. Rectus abdominis 2. External oblique 3. Internal oblique 4. Transversus abdominis F. Muscles of respiration (selected muscles): 1. External intercostals 2. Internal intercostals 3. Diaphragm (prime mover of breathing – inspiration) G. Anterior muscles that move the leg at the hip and/or move the knee (selected muscles): 1. Iliopsoas 2. Sartorius 3. Gracilis 4. Adductor longus Quadriceps femoris includes following four muscles: 5. Rectus femoris 6. Vastus lateralis 7. Vastus medialis  8. Vastus intermedius H. Posterior muscles that move the leg at the hip and/or move the knee (selected muscles): 1. Gluteus maximus Hamstrings include the following muscles: 2. Biceps femoris 3. Semitendinosus 8. Semimembranosus I. Muscles that move the ankle and foot (selected muscles): 1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Flexor digitorum longus 4. Gastrocnemius 5. Soleus Chapter 12: Nervous System - Nervous Tissue overview - organization of nervous system nervous tissue neuroglial or supporting cells in CNS (microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes) supporting cells in PNS (satellite cells and Schwann cells) neurons – functional classification (sensory, motor, interneurons or association neurons) structural classification (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) structure of multipolar neuron neurophysiology - action potential - generation and conduction or propagation graded potentials synapse and synaptic transmission postsynaptic potentials: EPSP and IPSP neurotransmitters factors affecting nerve impulses