Skeletal Articulations (Joints) Lecture Outline PDF

Chapter 9: Skeletal Articulations (Joints) Joints or articulations - sites where two or more bones meet 1 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Classific...

Chapter 9: Skeletal Articulations (Joints) Joints or articulations - sites where two or more bones meet 1 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Classification of Joints (i) Structural classification: Based on the joint material. * fibrous * cartilaginous * synovial (ii) Functional classification: Based on the movement allowed. * Synarthroses * Amphiarthroses * Diarthroses 2 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Fibrous Joints - mostly synarthrotic - no joint cavity - three types: * sutures * syndesmoses * gomphoses 3 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  4 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Sutures: - seams between skull bones - synostoses Syndesmoses: - ligament or sheets of fibrous tissue (interosseous membrane) connect two bones - length of the ligament determines movement (slight to considerable) * distal ends of tibia and fibula; allows very little movement (synarthrosis). * between radius and ulna; quite flexible Gomphoses: - periodontal ligament 5 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Cartilagenous Joints - lack joint cavity - articulating bones are united by cartilage - two types: Synchondroses: - hyaline cartilage unites the two bones - allow bone growth during youth - later become ossified and synarthrotic * epiphyseal plates (later become synostoses) * between first rib and manubrium Symphysis: - fibrocartilage: pelvis and vertebral coulmn 6 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  7 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Synovial joints - articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity - diarthroses Components of the synovial joints: - smooth hyaline cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces - a potential space filled with synovial fluid - articular cavity is enclosed by a double-layered joint capsule * outer layer * synovial membrane * synovial fluid 8 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  9 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat - reinforcing ligaments: provide strength * often intrinsic or capsular - thicked parts of fibrous capsule * extracapsular - outside the capsule * intracapsular - covered with synovial membrane - not within the synovial cavity - fat pads 10 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat - articular discs or menisci * discs or wedges of fibrocartilage * separate the articular surfaces of bones * extend inward from articular capsule * divide synovial cavity into two separate cavities * afford proper 'fit' between articulating bones * stabilize the joint * found in knee, jaw etc. 11 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Bursae and Tendon Sheaths Bursa: - closely associated with synovial joints - flattened 'bags' filled with lubricant Tendon sheath: - like a bursa 12 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  13 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Knee Joint - largest, most complex - ligaments: * patellar ligament (quadriceps tendon extension) * extracapsular ligaments: ** fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral * intracapsular ligaments (= cruciate ligaments) ** anterior ** posterior 14 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  Knee Joint 15 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Types of synovial joints Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, and Ball and Socket Plane: - articular surfaces are flat * between carpals and between tarsals Hinge: - uniaxial movement - permits flexion and extension only * elbow joint * interphalangeal joints Pivot joint: - allows uniaxial rotational movement * between atlas and axis (dens) * proximal radio-ulnar joint 16 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Condyloid joint: - ellipsoidal joint - convex condyle fits into a concavity - biaxial joint allows all angular movcements * radius-carpal joints * metacarpo-phalangeal joints (knuckles) - uniaxial condyloid joint allows movement in one plane * between skull and atlas: but uniaxial Saddle joints: - like condyloid but allow greater freedom - both surfaces have convex and concave areas * carpo-metacarpal joint in thumb Ball-and-Socket joint: - ball like head fits into a concavity - multiaxial - most freely movable joints * shoulder joint 17 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  18 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  19 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Movements allowed by synovial joints Types of Movements: * gliding * angular * rotation 20 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Gliding Movements (i) nonaxial movement: - no axis around which movement can occur - slipping movements only * between the carpals and between the tarsals * between flat articular processes of vertebrae 21 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Angular movements (ii) uniaxial movement: - movement in one plane only (iii) biaxial movement: - movement in two planes (iv) multiaxial movement: - movement in or around of three planes of space and axes 22 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat (iv) multiaxial movement: - movement in or around of three planes of space and axes * flexion * dorsiflexion * plantar flexion * lateral flexion * extension and hyperextension * abduction * adduction * circumduction 23 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Rotational movements - turning the bone around its own axis - between first two vertebrae (turning the head) - shoulder or hip joint: medial or lateral rotation of femur 24 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Special movements Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Protraction Retration Elevation Depression Opposition 25 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  26 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  27 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  28 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Joint Injuries Sprain - forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint - ligament stretched or torn without bone dislocation * lumbar, knee and ankle more likely targets 29 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Inflammatory and Degenerative Disorders Bursitis Tendonitis 30 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Arthritis - characterized by inflammation of joints - often accompanied by stiffness of adjacent structures ** Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - an autoimmune disease - affects people 40-50 yrs of age - inflammation of the synovial membrane - ankylosis: stiffness causes fingers to deform - swelling, pain, and loss of function - aspirin, antibiotic can be used ** Osteoarthritis (OA) - a degenerative joint disease - commonly known as "wear-and tear" arthritis - deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation - non-inflammatory - primarily affects weight-bearing joints, lumbar spine 31 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat ** Gouty arthritis - sodium urate crystals are deposited in soft tissues - cause inflammation, swelling, and pain - if not treated, bones at affected joints eventually fuse - more common in males - avoid alcohol - corticosteroids help 32 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  33 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  34 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat