Anaphy

Bone Structure

• Adipose tissue is found in the bone marrow, which is located within the bone, not composing the bone itself.
• The Haversian canals run longitudinally through compact bone, while the Volkmann's canals run perpendicular to the Haversian canals.
• Osteoclasts, which are cells with multiple nuclei, are responsible for breaking down bone tissue.
• The sella turcica is a depression found on the sphenoid bone, which houses the pituitary gland.
• The lumbar curvature of the spine is considered the secondary curvature.
• The area medial to the flaring portion of the ilia corresponds to the pelvic inlet.
• The true statements about the female pelvis are:
  • Wider subpubic angle
  • Shorter, wider, and more circular pelvic inlet
  • Sacrum is wider and shorter
  • Sacrum is less curved
  • Coccyx is more movable
• The narrow ridge of the bone is known as a crest.
• A fracture pressed inward is called an impacted fracture.
• Signs of labor can be observed in the female pelvis through the subpubic angle and the sacrum's curve.
• When throwing a ball with much stronger force on the lateral side, the medial epicondyle of the humerus is the least affected.
• An 80-year-old patient with knee pain and affected limbs might be suffering from osteoarthritis.
• The connective tissue covering the cardiac muscle is called the epicardium.
• Cord-like sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone are called tendons.
• Myofibrils contain the protein myosin, which is responsible for muscle contraction.
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium during muscle activation.
• The anaerobic glycolysis energy pathway produces 1 ATP per cycle.
• Neurogenic atrophy is a type of paralysis where muscle atrophy is observed.
• Biceps brachii is a prime mover of flexion.

Muscles

• The rectus abdominis compresses the abdominal contents.
• The iliopsoas is the prime mover of hip flexion.
• The biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are the muscles that make up the hamstring group, EXCEPT for the gracilis.
• A torn meniscus is commonly associated with a "popping" sound upon landing and is a common injury.
• Injecting a newborn baby into the vastus lateralis is recommended.
• The Sharpey's fibers attach the periosteum to the underlying bone.
• Hip fractures are common in the elderly population.
• The facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) pass through the internal acoustic meatus, EXCEPT for the trigeminal nerve (V).

Nervous System

• The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the primary curvatures of the spine.
• The pelvic girdle consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones, EXCEPT for the femur.
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein.
• The carpometacarpal joint is a saddle joint.
• Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary.
• The fontanelles are soft areas on the newborn's head that allow for the skull to mold during birth.
• The endomysium is the covering of a fascicle, which is a bundle of muscle fibers.
• The structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle is a sarcomere.
• The tetanus is the state where muscles contract to their fullest extent and never partially contract.
• The oxygen deficit pathway occurs when the body is unable to supply enough oxygen to the muscles, resulting in the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid.
• Muscles that oppose and reverse the action of another muscle are known as antagonists.
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease where the motor neurons degenerate.
• Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease caused by a shortage of acetylcholine receptors.
• The orbicularis oris is the kissing muscle, which controls the lips.
• The sartorius is the tailor's muscle, located on the anterior thigh.
• The gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, and flexor hallucis longus are muscles that plantar flex the foot, EXCEPT for the tibialis anterior.
• The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves.
• Efferent nerves carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs.
• Microglia are neuroglia cells that phagocytize debris.
• Satellite cells are neuroglia cells that protect the cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system.
• Nodes of Ranvier are gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath.
• Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia are nerves present in the PNS.
• Muscle spindles detect the amount of stretch from muscles and tendons.
• Sensory neurons are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.
• The somatosensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe anterior to the central sulcus, is responsible for processing sensory information from the body.
• A driver losing balance and not feeling anything in their lower extremity could indicate a spinal cord injury.
• A person speaking fluently but not making sense could have Wernicke's aphasia.
• The fusiform gyrus, in the temporal lobe, is responsible for recognizing faces and patterns.
• The corpus callosum is the structure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
• The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary functions, like feeling anxious or stressed, and the parasympathetic nervous system helps us feel pleasant and unpleasant.
• The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger, heart rate, and body temperature.
• The dorsal root is where fibers from the cell bodies of sensory neurons enter the spinal cord.
• The vertebral canal is the main part of the spinal cord anatomy.
• The oculomotor nerve (III) supplies the inferior oblique muscle.
• Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic postganglionic nerve.
• A skydiver diagnosed with respiratory paralysis could have sustained damage to the phrenic nerve.