week 1: Bone Physiology and Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are osteoblasts responsible for in bone physiology?

Osteoblasts are responsible for the deposition of new bone.

How does bone remodelling change as the body ages?

Bone resorption outpaces bone formation as the body ages.

What are the five major types of bones?

The five major types of bones are flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid.

What is the definition of a foramen in bone anatomy?

A foramen is a hole typically for nerves, veins, or arteries. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'condyle' in the context of joint anatomy.

A condyle is a rounded bone end that articulates with another bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphysis of a bone?

The diaphysis is the long shaft of a bone. Signup and view all the answers

What does the periosteum do for bones?

The periosteum acts as the outer layer that covers and protects the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteons?

Osteons are the basic units of structure in compact bone, also known as Haversian systems. Signup and view all the answers

Where is spongy bone primarily found?

Spongy bone is primarily found in the epiphysis of long bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone?

Osteoblasts are responsible for the deposition of osteoid, which is the organic part of the bone matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of ossification?

Ossification is the process where bone replaces cartilage and other connective tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are osteoclasts and what is their function?

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells involved in breaking down bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification occurs in the bones of the head?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure from which endochondral ossification occurs?

Pre-existing cartilage model Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development does endochondral ossification primarily occur?

Mostly during fetal development Signup and view all the answers

What marks the start of ossification in a long bone during endochondral ossification?

Primary ossification centre Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoblasts during the ossification process?

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid to form new bone. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epiphyseal plate as one matures into adulthood?

It is replaced by bone, leading to the formation of the epiphyseal line. Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the diameter growth of bones?

Appositional growth beneath the periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells form the periosteum that later become osteoblasts?

Osteoprogenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of bone?

Bone serves five main roles: support, movement, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Spongy bone is lighter and contains larger spaces, while compact bone is denser and forms the outer layer of bones. Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

An adult human has approximately 206 bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of bone matrix?

Bone matrix is composed of organic components like collagen and non-organic components such as hydroxyapatite mineral. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the axial skeleton from the appendicular skeleton?

The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, providing support and protection, while the appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones related to movement. Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of joints and give an example of each.

Two types of joints are hinge joints, such as the elbow, and ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ligaments in joint stability?

Ligaments connect bones together and provide stability to joints, preventing excessive movement. Signup and view all the answers

List the sections of the vertebral column.

The vertebral column is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal sections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary protein in the matrix of cartilage?

Chondrin Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of cartilage.

Elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis and ears?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What gives fibrocartilage its tensile strength?

Dense white collagen fibres Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage.

Smooth, bluish-white matrix that is glassy and firm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of appositional growth in cartilage?

Chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into chondrocytes and produce matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What defines fibrous joints?

Bones united by dense, fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found at the ends of long bones?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is found in symphyses joints like intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ligaments in synovial joints?

To connect and support the articulating bones. Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a pivot joint.

The radioulnar joint. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a hinge joint from other types of synovial joints?

A hinge joint allows for flexion and extension. Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is primarily allowed by a saddle joint?

Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the intra and extracapsular ligaments of the knee called?

Intracapsular: ACL, PCL; Extracapsular: MCL, LCL. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the shape of the condyloid joint and its range of movement.

Oval convex and concave; allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of ball and socket joints?

They have a convex ball and concave socket, allowing multiaxial movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of intra-articular discs?

Shock absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the stability of a joint?

Articular shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a synergist muscle during movement?

Holds the body position Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a muscle that produces action over two joints?

Bi-articular Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'antagonist' refer to in muscle dynamics?

The muscle opposing the agonist Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are typically found in the adult human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeleton is primarily responsible for movement?

Appendicular skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the 80 bones that contribute to the central axis of the body?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not a part of the axial skeleton?

Pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What component of cartilage provides tensile strength?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which description fits true ribs?

Ribs 1-7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

To protect vital organs Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs are there in the human rib cage?

12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate during bone growth?

To facilitate the ongoing lengthening of bones Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of endochondral ossification in long bones?

Beginning of the primary ossification center Signup and view all the answers

In which tissues does intramembranous ossification primarily take place?

In mesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

What is formed from the periosteum during bone development?

Osteoprogenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What marks the point of union between primary and secondary ossification centers?

Epiphyseal line Signup and view all the answers

What cellular activity primarily contributes to the increase in the diameter of bones during growth?

Formation of osteoid by osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the secondary ossification center typically appear in long bones?

Before birth Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play in the development of bones?

Breaking down spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by allowing rotational movement due to its cylindrical shape?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is described as having a convex and concave structure that permits movement in two axes?

Condyloid joint Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized feature of synovial joints allows them to move freely?

Synovial fluid and capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is an example of a ball and socket joint?

Hip joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is primarily associated with hinge joints?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

Which capsular ligament plays a crucial role in stabilizing the knee joint?

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Signup and view all the answers

Which synovial joint allows for gliding and sliding movements and is described as flat or slightly curved?

Planar joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is characterized by a solid matrix with large chondrocytes and a perichondrium?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage gives optimal tensile strength and is found in intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type has no joint cavity and primarily allows little to no movement?

Fibrous joints Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hyaline cartilage from elastic cartilage?

Color and matrix appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for the interstitial growth of cartilage?

Chondrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the perichondrium in elastic cartilage?

Support and shape maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is primarily classified as cartilaginous?

Symphysis joint Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the matrix of fibrocartilage?

Dense with white collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is characterized by fibers arranged parallel to the line of pull?

Parallel Muscles Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle shortens to overcome a resistance?

Concentric Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of circular muscles?

To close external body openings Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type can generate a greater force than parallel muscles due to its structure?

Convergent Muscles Signup and view all the answers

In muscle anatomy, what does the term 'origin' refer to?

The attachment to the fixed bone Signup and view all the answers

How do pennate muscles differ from parallel muscles?

Pennate muscles have fibers that are oblique to the line of pull Signup and view all the answers

What happens during eccentric muscle contraction?

The muscle cannot overcome the force and lengthens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contains fibers arranged in a fan shape and has a common attachment site?

Convergent Muscles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone, Cartilage, Joint Anatomy

The human skeleton has approximately 206 bones in adults (300 in babies).
More than half of these bones are located in the hands and feet.
Cartilage forms part of the skeletal system.

Lecture Aims

Classify bones and cartilage
Detail the structures of spongy (trabecular) and compact bone
List the cells of cartilage and bone, with their matrix components and functions.
Define parts and functions of the skeleton.
Classify different joint types, describe them, and give examples.
Explain the structure and role of capsular ligaments and intra-articular discs.
Describe the structures that create joint stability.

Skeleton

Skull: Cranium, Mandible
Thoracic Cage: Sternum, Ribs
Upper Limbs: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
Lower Limbs: Pelvis, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Axial or Appendicular Skeleton

Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs, and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Bone Composition

Bones consist of 33% organic compounds (mostly collagen) and 67% inorganic components.
Calcium makes up 99% of the body's calcium.
Calcium accounts for 39% of bone material.
Phosphorus (phosphate) is 17% of bone material.
Phosphate accounts for 88% of the total phosphorus in the body.

5 Roles of Bone

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production

Structure of Bones

Diaphysis: Long shaft of the bone.
Epiphysis: Rounded ends of the bone.
Periosteum: Outer layer of the bone.
Epiphyseal line: Growth plate.
Medullary cavity: Bone marrow cavity.
Articular cartilage: Smooth, protective layer at the ends of bones.

Structure of Bones (Spongy and Compact)

Spongy bone: Also called cancellous or trabecular bone, found in the epiphyses of long bones; light; contains irregular arrangement to increase strength
Compact bone: (Cortical bone) surrounds spongy, is heavy tough and compact in nature

Compact Bone (Cortical Bone)

The basic unit of structure are osteons (Haversian Systems).
Osteons are composed of calcified matrix called lamellae.
The central canal (Haversian Canal) runs through the lamellae, housing blood, nerves, and lymph vessels.
Osteocytes are located within spaces called lacunae.

Spongy Bone (Cancellous/Trabecular Bone)

Found mainly in the epiphyses of long bones.
Porous.
Lightweight
Irregular arrangement to increase strength
Consists of struts and plates (trabeculae)
Red bone marrow fills the spaces

Inside a Bone

Bone marrow is gelatin-like tissue in central medullary cavities.
Produces most of new red blood cells.
Two types of bone marrow: -Red (medulla ossium rubra): In flat and spongy bone. Produces RBC, WBC, and platelets. -Yellow (medulla ossium flava): In medullary cavities. Consists of fat cells.

Bone Cells

Osteocytes: Mature bone cells, found within lacunae.
Osteoblasts: Deposit osteoid (organic bone matrix).
Osteoclasts: Resorb old/damaged bone.
Osteoprogenitor cells: Mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

Bone Development

Bone development involves replacing cartilage and other connective tissues via ossification.
Two main processes:
- Intramembranous ossification: Bones of the skull. No cartilage stage.
- Endochondral ossification: Most bones apart from those in the skull; involves a pre-existing cartilage model.

Endochondral Ossification

Bones initially form as cartilage and then change to bone
Mostly occurs when a person is a fetus.
Cartilage continues to form new bone.

Growth (Epiphyseal) Plates

Found at the ends of long bones
Responsible for longitudinal growth in bones.

Bone Growth and Remodelling

Growth in length is by cartilage growth and replacement.
Remodeling is the continuous formation and resorption of bone.

Bone Remodelling

Ongoing process, occurring continuously throughout life
The balance of bone formation and resorption impacts health
Osteoblasts form new bone, osteoclasts remove old bone

Types of Bones

Flat bones: e.g., sternum, skull bones.
Long bones: e.g., femur, humerus.
Short bones: e.g., carpals, tarsals.
Irregular bones: e.g., vertebrae, facial bones.
Sesamoid bones: e.g., patella.

Lumps and Bumps (Bone Markings)

Tuberosity (trochanter): Large, rounded projection.
Tubercle: Small, rounded projection.
Linea: Line.
Process: Projection.
Spine: Ridge.
Hamulus: Hook-shaped projection.
Ramus: Curved projection.

Grooves and Holes (Bone Markings)

Fossa: Broad, shallow depression.
Foramen: Opening.
Sulcus: Groove.
Notch: Indentation.

Articular Surfaces

Condyle: Rounded articular end.
Epicondyle: Projection near a condyle.
Capitulum: Round projection.
Trochlea: Pulley-shaped surface.
Facet: Smooth, flat surface.

Cartilage

Soft, elastic tissue made of chondrin.
Lacks blood vessels.
Three types:
- Hyaline cartilage: Smooth, glassy appearance, found on articulating surfaces of bones.
- Elastic cartilage: Flexible cartilage that retains its shape, found in the ears and epiglottis.
- Fibrocartilage: Strong, tough cartilage with rows of chondrocytes, found in intervertebral discs and menisci.

Cartilage Locations

Articular cartilage (Joints)
Cartilage in intervertebral discs (Spinal Column)
Costal cartilage (Thorax)
Meniscus (Knee joint)
External Ear

Growth of Cartilage

Appositional growth: Chondroblasts produce matrix and grow from periphery.
Interstitial growth: Chondrocytes expand in existing cartilage and grow from within.

Joints

Where two or more bones meet; articulations of bone.
Allow and control movement by articulating surfaces.
Stability depends on the shape of articulating surfaces, ligaments, and muscles.

Classification of Joints

Fibrous Joint: Connective tissue.
Cartilaginous Joint: Cartilage.
Synovial Joint: Fluid-filled joint cavity.

Joints: Fibrous

Bones joined by fibrous tissue
No joint cavity, little or no movement
Types: -Sutures (skull bones) -Syndesmoses (broad fibrous tissues connecting bones, e.g. between tibia and fibula.) -Gomphoses (tooth in socket)

Joints: Cartilaginous

Bones connected by cartilage.
No joint cavity, or little movement
Types: -Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage). Connects ribs to sternum. -Symphyses (fibrocartilage) connects bones, e.g in the pelvis

Joints: Synovial

Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, allow for wider range of movement,
Surrounded by a capsule and synovial fluid
Parts:
- Articular cartilage, Ligaments, Joint capsule, Synovial membrane, Joint cavity (synovial fluid), Bursa, Tendon, Fat pads, Sheath

Specialized Features of Synovial Joints

Articular Cartilage
Joint Cavity
Synovial Fluid
Capsule
Ligaments
Bursae

Synovial Joints - 6 types

Pivot, Plane/Gliding, Hinge, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket

Capsular Ligaments

Thickened fibrous capsule bands or triangles, increasing joint strength.
Intracapsular: e.g., ACL, PCL, transverse ligament (knee)
Extracapsular e.g. MCL, LCL, popliteal (knee), Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, Ischiofemoral (hip)

Intra-articular Discs

Fibrocartilage discs
Located in joints e.g. knee, jaw
Increases joint depth, shock absorption, stability , nutrition

Mobility versus Stability

Mobility refers to freedom of movement.
Stability refers to how well a joint resists movement.
Stability depends on factors such as articular shape, ligament strength, and muscle tone.

Tendons and Ligaments

Tendons connect muscles to bones.
Ligaments connect bones to bones.
Examples: Achilles tendon, medial collateral ligament.

Muscles

The human body has over 600 muscles.
Function is to move and support the body.

Muscle Actions

Agonist: Main muscle performing action.
Antagonist: Muscle opposing main action.
Synergist/Stabilizer: Muscles assisting action or stabilizing joint.
Fixators: Stabilizing muscle that supports the agonist.

Muscle Types

Bi-articular: Act across two or more joints. (e.g., rectus femoris).
Mono-articular: Act across only one joint. (e.g, soleus).

Muscle Shapes

Parallel Muscles, Fusiform Muscles, Pennate Muscles, Circular Muscles, Convergent Muscles

Muscle Contraction

Types of muscle contractions include:
Concentric: Muscle shortens under load
Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under load
Isometric: Muscle does not change length under load.

Origins and Insertions

Origin: fixed end of a muscle
Insertion: movable end of a muscle

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various aspects of bone physiology and anatomy. This quiz covers important concepts like osteoblasts, bone remodeling, types of bones, and the process of ossification. Perfect for students studying bone biology and anatomy.