week 1: Bone Physiology and Anatomy Quiz

The skeletal system including the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

The skeletal system including the bones of the limbs and the bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Bones in the axial skeleton are responsible for protecting internal organs.

Bones in the appendicular skeleton allow for movement such as walking, running, eating, and waving.

Bones in the axial skeleton provide support for posture.

The skull is composed of ______ bones.

The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccyx.

The rib cage is composed of the sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages.

The long shaft of a bone.

The rounded ends of a bone.

The outer layer of a bone, responsible for bone growth and repair.

A thin line of cartilage located in the epiphysis, responsible for bone growth.

The hollow cavity inside a bone, which contains bone marrow.

A smooth, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones, reducing friction and allowing for smooth movement.

The basic structural unit of compact bone, composed of concentric layers of calcified matrix called lamellae.

A space within the lamellae of an osteon that contains an osteocyte, which is a mature bone cell.

A type of connective tissue that acts as a cushion for bones and helps reduce friction during movement.

The points where two or more bones meet.

Specialized cells responsible for breaking down old or damaged bone tissue.

Specialized cells responsible for building new bone tissue.

A continual process where old bone is broken down and new bone is formed, allowing the skeleton to adapt and repair itself.

Bone formation that occurs directly from mesenchymal stem cells without a prior cartilage model.

Bones start as cartilage and are later replaced by bone. This occurs mainly during fetal development.

Formation of a bony collar around the cartilage model, providing support and allowing for bone growth in width.

The process of depositing new bone on the surface of existing bone, increasing bone width.

The center of the diaphysis (shaft) where bone formation begins in endochondral ossification.

The ends of long bones where secondary ossification centers form, allowing for bone lengthening.

A layer of cartilage located between the primary and secondary ossification centers, responsible for bone length growth.

The point where the primary and secondary ossification centers fuse, marking the end of bone lengthening.

A type of connective tissue that is strong, flexible, and smooth. It's made of a matrix of chondrin (a protein), and doesn't have blood vessels.

Found in places needing flexibility and strength, like the epiglottis (flap of tissue in throat) and ears.

It's very tough and strong due to dense collagen fibers. It's found in places that require high tensile strength, like between vertebrae, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee.

The most common type of cartilage with a smooth, glassy appearance. It's found in many places, like the surfaces of bones in joints, the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea.

Cartilage grows by two methods: appositional growth and interstitial growth.

A joint is where two or more bones come together, allowing movement and controlled by the shape of their surfaces.

Fibrous joints join bones tightly with fibrous tissue, provide little movement, and have no joint cavity.

Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement. They are connected with cartilage and lack a joint cavity.

A type of joint that allows rotation around a single axis. It features a cylindrical bone that rotates within a ring formed by bone and ligament, like the joint between the radius and ulna.

A type of joint that allows for gliding and sliding movements, with flat or slightly curved surfaces, like between the carpals in the wrist.

A type of joint featuring convex and concave surfaces that allows for flexion and extension movement, like the knee joint.

A type of joint that allows for movement in two directions – flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. It features both convex and concave surfaces like the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal.

A type of joint that allows for movement in two directions – flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. The surfaces are oval, convex and concave, like the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges.

A type of joint that allows for movement in all directions, with a ball-shaped end fitting into a cup-shaped socket. An example is the shoulder joint.

Intracapsular ligaments are found inside the joint capsule, while extracapsular ligaments are found outside the joint capsule. Both types strengthen and support the joint.

Ligaments that strengthen the joint capsule. Intracapsular ligaments lie inside the capsule, and extracapsular ligaments lie outside the capsule.

The axial skeleton consists of the bones that form the central axis of the body. These bones include the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, which include the arms, legs, hands, and feet. It also includes the bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles).

The skull is made up of 22 bones, which are divided into the face (14 bones) and the cranium (8 bones).

The vertebral column is divided into five sections: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and coccyx (tailbone).

The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the vertebral column and the sternum. The top 7 pairs are called true ribs, the next 3 pairs are false ribs, and the last 2 pairs are floating ribs.

The skeleton provides several functions, including: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

Compact bone is dense and strong, found in the outer layer of bones. It provides support and protection. Spongy bone is lighter and porous, found inside bones. It provides strength without adding too much weight.

This growth occurs when new cartilage layers are added on the existing cartilage surface, making it wider.

This growth is from within the cartilage, where existing chondrocytes divide and create new matrix, making it longer.

A type of cartilage found in places that require high tensile strength, such as between vertebrae, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee.

The muscle that directly performs the desired movement.

The muscle that works in the opposite direction of the agonist, controlling or slowing the movement.

A muscle that assists the agonist by holding the body in position to allow the agonist to operate effectively.

A muscle that stabilizes a joint crossed by the agonist, holding the joint in place to assist the stabilizer.

Muscles contract by shortening, never lengthening.

The muscle is lengthening as it contracts.

The muscle is shortening as it contracts.

The muscle is generating force but not changing length.

The origin is anchored, the insertion moves.

Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.

Fibers are arranged in a ring shape, surrounding openings like the mouth or anus.

Fibers converge from a wide base to a single attachment point, like a fan.

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. They are characterized by a joint capsule, synovial fluid, and hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends. This allows for a wide range of motion, making them ideal for movement.

Pivot joints allow for rotation around a single axis. They have a cylindrical bone that rotates within a ring formed by bone and ligament. Examples include the joint between the radius and ulna in the forearm.

Plane/gliding joints allow for gliding and sliding movements. They have flat or slightly curved surfaces. An example is the joint between the carpals in the wrist.

Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension movements. They have a convex and concave surface that fits together. An example is the knee joint.

Saddle joints allow for movement in two directions (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). They have a convex and concave surface, like a saddle. An example is the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal in the thumb.

Condyloid joints also allow for movement in two directions (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). They have an oval convex and concave surface. An example is the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges in the fingers.

Ball and socket joints are the most mobile joints, allowing for movement in all directions. They have a ball-shaped end fitting into a cup-shaped socket. An example is the shoulder joint.

Intracapsular ligaments are found inside the joint capsule while extracapsular ligaments are found outside the joint capsule. They both provide additional strength and stability to the joint.