week 1: Bone Physiology and Anatomy Quiz

Osteoblasts are responsible for the deposition of new bone.

Bone resorption outpaces bone formation as the body ages.

The five major types of bones are flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid.

<p>A foramen is a hole typically for nerves, veins, or arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condyle is a rounded bone end that articulates with another bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphysis is the long shaft of a bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periosteum acts as the outer layer that covers and protects the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteons are the basic units of structure in compact bone, also known as Haversian systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone is primarily found in the epiphysis of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts are responsible for the deposition of osteoid, which is the organic part of the bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ossification is the process where bone replaces cartilage and other connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells involved in breaking down bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-existing cartilage model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mostly during fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary ossification centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts secrete osteoid to form new bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is replaced by bone, leading to the formation of the epiphyseal line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appositional growth beneath the periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoprogenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone serves five main roles: support, movement, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone is lighter and contains larger spaces, while compact bone is denser and forms the outer layer of bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adult human has approximately 206 bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone matrix is composed of organic components like collagen and non-organic components such as hydroxyapatite mineral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, providing support and protection, while the appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones related to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two types of joints are hinge joints, such as the elbow, and ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligaments connect bones together and provide stability to joints, preventing excessive movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vertebral column is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal sections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense white collagen fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth, bluish-white matrix that is glassy and firm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into chondrocytes and produce matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones united by dense, fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect and support the articulating bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The radioulnar joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hinge joint allows for flexion and extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracapsular: ACL, PCL; Extracapsular: MCL, LCL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oval convex and concave; allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a convex ball and concave socket, allowing multiaxial movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shock absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Articular shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holds the body position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bi-articular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscle opposing the agonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>206 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appendicular skeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial skeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribs 1-7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect vital organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the ongoing lengthening of bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beginning of the primary ossification center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In mesenchyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoprogenitor cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphyseal line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of osteoid by osteoblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Before birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking down spongy bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pivot joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condyloid joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synovial fluid and capsule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hip joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion and extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planar joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrous joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color and matrix appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support and shape maintenance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symphysis joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense with white collagen fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel Muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To close external body openings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convergent Muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attachment to the fixed bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pennate muscles have fibers that are oblique to the line of pull (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscle cannot overcome the force and lengthens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convergent Muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system including the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

The skeletal system including the bones of the limbs and the bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Bones in the axial skeleton are responsible for protecting internal organs.

Bones in the appendicular skeleton allow for movement such as walking, running, eating, and waving.

Bones in the axial skeleton provide support for posture.

The skull is composed of ______ bones.

The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccyx.

The rib cage is composed of the sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages.

The long shaft of a bone.

The rounded ends of a bone.

The outer layer of a bone, responsible for bone growth and repair.

A thin line of cartilage located in the epiphysis, responsible for bone growth.

The hollow cavity inside a bone, which contains bone marrow.

A smooth, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones, reducing friction and allowing for smooth movement.

The basic structural unit of compact bone, composed of concentric layers of calcified matrix called lamellae.

A space within the lamellae of an osteon that contains an osteocyte, which is a mature bone cell.

A type of connective tissue that acts as a cushion for bones and helps reduce friction during movement.

The points where two or more bones meet.

Specialized cells responsible for breaking down old or damaged bone tissue.

Specialized cells responsible for building new bone tissue.

A continual process where old bone is broken down and new bone is formed, allowing the skeleton to adapt and repair itself.

Bone formation that occurs directly from mesenchymal stem cells without a prior cartilage model.

Bones start as cartilage and are later replaced by bone. This occurs mainly during fetal development.

Formation of a bony collar around the cartilage model, providing support and allowing for bone growth in width.

The process of depositing new bone on the surface of existing bone, increasing bone width.

The center of the diaphysis (shaft) where bone formation begins in endochondral ossification.

The ends of long bones where secondary ossification centers form, allowing for bone lengthening.

A layer of cartilage located between the primary and secondary ossification centers, responsible for bone length growth.

The point where the primary and secondary ossification centers fuse, marking the end of bone lengthening.

A type of connective tissue that is strong, flexible, and smooth. It's made of a matrix of chondrin (a protein), and doesn't have blood vessels.

Found in places needing flexibility and strength, like the epiglottis (flap of tissue in throat) and ears.

It's very tough and strong due to dense collagen fibers. It's found in places that require high tensile strength, like between vertebrae, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee.

The most common type of cartilage with a smooth, glassy appearance. It's found in many places, like the surfaces of bones in joints, the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea.

Cartilage grows by two methods: appositional growth and interstitial growth.

A joint is where two or more bones come together, allowing movement and controlled by the shape of their surfaces.

Fibrous joints join bones tightly with fibrous tissue, provide little movement, and have no joint cavity.

Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement. They are connected with cartilage and lack a joint cavity.

A type of joint that allows rotation around a single axis. It features a cylindrical bone that rotates within a ring formed by bone and ligament, like the joint between the radius and ulna.

A type of joint that allows for gliding and sliding movements, with flat or slightly curved surfaces, like between the carpals in the wrist.

A type of joint featuring convex and concave surfaces that allows for flexion and extension movement, like the knee joint.

A type of joint that allows for movement in two directions – flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. It features both convex and concave surfaces like the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal.

A type of joint that allows for movement in two directions – flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. The surfaces are oval, convex and concave, like the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges.

A type of joint that allows for movement in all directions, with a ball-shaped end fitting into a cup-shaped socket. An example is the shoulder joint.

Intracapsular ligaments are found inside the joint capsule, while extracapsular ligaments are found outside the joint capsule. Both types strengthen and support the joint.

Ligaments that strengthen the joint capsule. Intracapsular ligaments lie inside the capsule, and extracapsular ligaments lie outside the capsule.

The axial skeleton consists of the bones that form the central axis of the body. These bones include the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, which include the arms, legs, hands, and feet. It also includes the bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles).

The skull is made up of 22 bones, which are divided into the face (14 bones) and the cranium (8 bones).

The vertebral column is divided into five sections: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and coccyx (tailbone).

The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the vertebral column and the sternum. The top 7 pairs are called true ribs, the next 3 pairs are false ribs, and the last 2 pairs are floating ribs.

The skeleton provides several functions, including: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

Compact bone is dense and strong, found in the outer layer of bones. It provides support and protection. Spongy bone is lighter and porous, found inside bones. It provides strength without adding too much weight.

This growth occurs when new cartilage layers are added on the existing cartilage surface, making it wider.

This growth is from within the cartilage, where existing chondrocytes divide and create new matrix, making it longer.

A type of cartilage found in places that require high tensile strength, such as between vertebrae, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee.

The muscle that directly performs the desired movement.

The muscle that works in the opposite direction of the agonist, controlling or slowing the movement.

A muscle that assists the agonist by holding the body in position to allow the agonist to operate effectively.

A muscle that stabilizes a joint crossed by the agonist, holding the joint in place to assist the stabilizer.

Muscles contract by shortening, never lengthening.

The muscle is lengthening as it contracts.

The muscle is shortening as it contracts.

The muscle is generating force but not changing length.

The origin is anchored, the insertion moves.

Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.

Fibers are arranged in a ring shape, surrounding openings like the mouth or anus.

Fibers converge from a wide base to a single attachment point, like a fan.

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. They are characterized by a joint capsule, synovial fluid, and hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends. This allows for a wide range of motion, making them ideal for movement.

Pivot joints allow for rotation around a single axis. They have a cylindrical bone that rotates within a ring formed by bone and ligament. Examples include the joint between the radius and ulna in the forearm.

Plane/gliding joints allow for gliding and sliding movements. They have flat or slightly curved surfaces. An example is the joint between the carpals in the wrist.

Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension movements. They have a convex and concave surface that fits together. An example is the knee joint.

Saddle joints allow for movement in two directions (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). They have a convex and concave surface, like a saddle. An example is the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal in the thumb.

Condyloid joints also allow for movement in two directions (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). They have an oval convex and concave surface. An example is the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges in the fingers.

Ball and socket joints are the most mobile joints, allowing for movement in all directions. They have a ball-shaped end fitting into a cup-shaped socket. An example is the shoulder joint.

Intracapsular ligaments are found inside the joint capsule while extracapsular ligaments are found outside the joint capsule. They both provide additional strength and stability to the joint.