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Questions and Answers
What is the function of canaliculi in bone structure?
Where is red marrow primarily located in adults?
Which structure is referred to as a Haversian system?
Which type of ossification uses hyaline cartilage as a pattern for bone formation?
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What happens to the epiphyseal plate after adolescence?
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Which type of cartilage is found at the epiphysis of long bones?
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What is the role of perichondrium in cartilage?
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Which cartilage type separates and cushions the vertebrae in the spine?
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What is the primary function of ear cartilage?
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How many bones constitute the axial skeleton?
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Which factors can contribute to the development of osteoporosis?
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What are the two sets of bones that make up the skull?
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What is a potential consequence of infection in the mastoid process?
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What structure serves as the attachment site for muscles and ligaments in the temporal bone?
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Which structure is located at the site of articulation with the mandible?
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What structure allows for the passage of the internal carotid artery?
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Which opening in the temporal bone is responsible for transmitting cranial nerve VII?
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Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
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What does the hypophyseal fossa hold?
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What part of the skull does the occipital bone articulate with anteriorly?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the ethmoid bone?
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Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissures?
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Which structure is formed by the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone?
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What is the primary function of the superior and middle nasal conchae?
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What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
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Which section of the vertebral column consists of 12 bones?
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What term describes the outer ring of collagen fibers surrounding the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral discs?
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Which abnormal spinal curvature is characterized by an excessive lateral curve?
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Which part of the vertebra forms the central rounded portion that faces anteriorly?
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What is the role of the intervertebral foramen?
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Which vertebra is known as the Atlas and has no body?
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What type of curvature is present at birth?
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Which structure is responsible for the passage of CN II?
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What is the primary function of the Internal Acoustic Canal?
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Which of the following passages is associated with the Infraorbital blood vessels?
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Which part of a bone serves as the site for muscle attachment known as Conoid Process?
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The Foramen Lacerum primarily serves as the passage for which vessel?
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What is the function of the Crista Galli?
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Which bone has the function of holding the Pituitary Gland?
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What role do the Superior and Inferior Nasal Conchae play?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure & Physiology
- Red Marrow: Present in infant cavities, in adults found only in epiphyses spaces of spongy bone.
- Haversian Canal: Central canal running parallel to the bone's long axis. Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells residing in lacunae, chambers arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around the Haversian canal.
- Osteon: Structure composed of a central canal and all its concentric lamellae, also known as a Haversian system.
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals radiating from the Haversian canal, forming a communication and transport network for nutrients.
- Volksmann's canals: Perpendicular to the bone shaft, originating from the periosteum, connecting bone marrow cavity and central cavities.
Bone Ossification
- Endochondral Ossification: Uses hyaline cartilage as a model for bone formation.
- Primary Ossification Center: Area where bone formation begins in endochondral ossification.
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Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
- Periosteum replaces perichondrium.
- Osteoblasts secrete bone around the pre-existing cartilage.
- Cartilage calcifies, hollows, forming a cavity.
- Periosteal bud containing osteoblasts, osteoclasts, vessels, red marrow, and nerves invades the cavity, forming a medullary cavity on either side of the primary ossification center.
- During bone growth, medullary cavity lengthens and widens.
- After adolescence, the epiphyseal plate of ossifying cartilage is replaced by a calcified epiphyseal line.
Cartilage Types and Locations
- Cartilage: Composed mainly of water with varying amounts of elastic, reticular, or collagen fibers. Has an outer covering called perichondrium for growth and repair.
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Cartilage Types:
- Elastic: Found in the ear.
- Hyaline: Found in articular cartilage, costal cartilage, laryngeal cartilage, tracheal, bronchial, and nasal cartilage.
- Fibrocartilage: Found in intervertebral discs.
Bone Disease
- Osteoporosis: Gradual bone mass loss, leading to weakened bones, increased risk of fractures. Caused by hormone deficiencies, calcium/vitamin deficiencies, physical inactivity, and unhealthy habits.
Axial Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton: Composed of the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.
- Consists of 80 bones.
Skull & Cranial Bones
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Skull: Divided into cranium and facial bones.
- Cranium: Encloses the brain.
- Facial Bones: Contain features for eyes, facial muscles.
- Sutures: Joints connecting skull bones (except for mandible), offering immobility.
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Cranium: Divided into a superior cranial vault (calvaria) and inferior cranial floor (base).
- Cranial floor has three concavities: Anterior, Middle, and Posterior fossa, housing the brain.
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Cranial Bones:
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Frontal: Anterior cranium, including forehead, superior orbit, and floor of anterior fossa.
- Supraorbital Foramen/Notch: Passages for blood vessels and nerves above each orbit.
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Parietal (paired): Form the superior sides of the cranium.
- Sagittal Suture : Articulation point of the parietal bone.
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Temporal (paired): Form the inferior sides of the cranium.
- Squamous Suture: Articulation point of the temporal and parietal bones.
- Zygomatic Process: Bridge-like extension forming the cheekbone.
- Mandibular Fossa: Rounded depression articulating with the mandible.
- External Acoustic Meatus: Canal leading to the eardrum and middle ear.
- Styloid Process: Attachment site for muscles and ligaments of the neck.
- Mastoid Process: Attachment site for muscles.
- Mastoiditis: Infection of the mastoid process, potentially spreading to the meninges (brain coverings) causing meningitis.
- Stylomastoid Foramen: Opening for cranial nerve VII.
- Jugular Foramen: Opening for jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI.
- Carotid Canal: Opening for internal carotid artery.
- Internal Acoustic Meatus: Passage for cranial nerves VII, and VIII.
- Foramen Lacerum: Opening for internal carotid artery and small nerves.
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Occipital: Posterior portion of the cranium, joining the sphenoid bone anteriorly.
- Lambdoid Suture: Articulation point of the occipital and parietal bones.
- Foramen Magnum: Large opening for the spinal cord.
- Hypoglossal Canal: Passage for the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII).
- Occipital Condyles: Articulate with C1, the Atlas.
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Sphenoid: Bat-shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa, spanning the width of the skull.
- Greater Wings: Part of the orbital socket.
- Superior Orbital Fissure: Jagged opening for cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI to serve the eye.
- Inferior Orbital Fissure: Passage for infraorbital vessels and cranial nerve V.
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Sella Turcica (Turk's Saddle): Central portion of the bone.
- Hypophyseal Fossa (Seat of the Saddle): Holds the pituitary gland.
- Optic Canals: Openings for the optic nerves.
- Foramen Rotundum and Ovale: Openings for branches of the fifth cranial nerve.
- Foramen Spinosum: Opening for the middle meningeal artery.
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Ethmoid: Anterior to the sphenoid, forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbital wall.
- Crista Galli: Vertical projection, attachment point for the dura mater of the brain.
- Cribiform Plates: Bony plates lateral to the crista galli, holding the olfactory foramina for passage of olfactory fibers.
- Horizontal Plate: Includes the crista galli and cribiform plates.
- Perpendicular Plate: Forms the superior nasal septum.
- Lateral Masses: Part of the medial orbital walls.
- Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae: Turbinates aiding nasal cavity mucosa in warming and humidifying incoming air.
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Frontal: Anterior cranium, including forehead, superior orbit, and floor of anterior fossa.
Facial Bones
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Facial Bones: 7 paired bones (14) and 2 single bones (Vomer and Mandible).
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Mandible:
- Mandibular Body: Forms the chin.
- Mandibular Condyle: Articulates with the mandibular fossa.
- Conoid Process: Site for muscle attachment.
- Mental Foramen: Passage for mental blood vessels.
- Alveolar Margin: Site for inferior teeth sockets.
- Mandibular Symphysis: Site where mandible fuses.
- Mandibular Foramen: Passage for CN V (5).
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Maxillae (Facial Keystone):
- Alveolar Margin: Site for superior teeth sockets.
- Palatine Processes: Anterior portion of the hard palate.
- Infraorbital Foramen: Passage for infraorbital blood vessels.
- Incisive Fossa: Passage for the nasopalatine artery and blood vessel.
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Lacrimal Bone:
- Lacrimal Fossa: Passage for tears, part of the eye orbit.
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Palatine Bone:
- Forms posterior portion of the hard palate.
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Zygomatic Bone:
- Forms cheeks and part of the eye orbit.
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Nasal Bone:
- Forms bridge of the nose and part of the eye orbit.
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Vomer:
- Forms inferior nasal septum.
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Hyoid:
- Attachment site for neck and tongue muscles.
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Mandible:
Vertebral Column
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Vertebral Column: Composed of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.
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Vertebrae:
- Cervical Vertebrae: 7 bones in the neck.
- Thoracic Vertebrae: 12 bones in the upper back.
- Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 bones in the lower back.
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Intervertebral Discs: Fibrocartilage separating vertebrae, serving as cushions and shock absorbers.
- Nucleus Pulposus: Inner gelatinous mass of the disc.
- Annulus Fibrosus: Outer ring of collagen fibers surrounding the nucleus pulposus.
- Ruptured Disc: Occurs when nucleus pulposus herniates through annulus fibrosus, compressing spinal nerves.
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Vertebrae:
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S-Shape of Spine: Prevents shock, allows flexibility.
- Primary Curvature: (Thoracic and Sacral), present at birth.
- Secondary Curvature: (Cervical and Lumbar), develops later.
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Spinal Curvature Abnormalities:
- Scoliosis: Excessive lateral curvature of the spine.
- Kyphosis: Excessive dorsal curvature of the spine.
- Lordosis: Excessive anterior curvature of the spine.
Vertebra Structure
- Body (Centrum): Rounded central portion facing anteriorly.
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Vertebral Arch: Composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process.
- Pedicles: Connect body to laminae.
- Laminae: Connect spinous and transverse processes.
- Spinous Process: Posterior projection of the arch.
- Vertebral Foramen: Opening between the arch and the body, allowing passage of the spinal cord.
- Transverse Process: Lateral projection of the arch.
- Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: Paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, articulating between vertebrae. Superior processes face towards the spinous process, and inferior processes face away.
- Intervertebral Foramina: Spaces within the pedicles, allowing spinal nerves to exit between vertebrae.
Cervical Vertebrae
- C1 (Atlas): Lacks a body, has large depressions in the lateral processes that receive occipital condyles.
- C2 (Axis): Acts as a pivot for atlas rotation.
- Mastoid Process: Muscle attachment.
- External Acoustic Canal: Passage for sound to the middle ear.
- Internal Acoustic Canal: Passage for CN VII and VIII.
- Foramen Lacerum: Passage of internal carotid artery.
Occipital Bone
- Lambdoid Suture: Articulation point of the occipital and parietal bones.
- Foramen Magnum: Passage for the spinal cord.
- Hypoglossal Canal: Passage for CN XII.
- Occipital Condyles: Articulation point with C1, the Atlas.
Sphenoid Bone
- Greater Wings: Part of the eye socket.
- Superior Orbital Fissure: Passage for CN III, IV, V, and VI.
- Inferior Orbital Fissure: Passage for infraorbital vessels and CN V.
- Hypophyseal Fossa: Holds the pituitary gland.
- Optic Canal: Passage for CN II.
- Foramen Rotundum and Ovale: Passage for CN V.
- Foramen Spinosum: Passage for middle meningeal artery.
Ethmoid Bone
- Lateral Masses: Part of the eye orbit.
- Crista Galli: Attachment for dura mater to the skull.
- Cribriform Plates: Hold olfactory foramina for passage of CN I (olfactory nerve).
- Horizontal Plate: Includes the crista galli and cribiform plates.
- Perpendicular Plate: Forms the superior nasal septum.
- Superior and Inferior Nasal Conchae: Turbinates.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and physiology of bones, including key concepts like red marrow, Haversian canals, and osteocytes. This quiz also covers the process of bone ossification, focusing on endochondral ossification and primary ossification centers.
