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Bone Composition and Function
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Bone Composition and Function

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following components of bone is primarily responsible for flexibility?

  • Collagen fibers (correct)
  • Lipids
  • Hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Calcium phosphate
  • Compact bone is located on the interior of the bone structure.

    False

    What type of muscle contraction involves a change in muscle length?

    Isotonic contraction

    The primary function of _______ in bones is to produce white blood cells and red blood cells.

    <p>hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of muscles with their characteristics:

    <p>Skeletal muscle = Striated and voluntary Smooth muscle = Non-striated and involuntary Cardiac muscle = Striated and involuntary Isometric contraction = No change in muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?

    <p>Contribute to strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eccentric contraction involves muscle fibers shortening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of trabecular bone?

    <p>Support and impact absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle shortens?

    <p>Concentric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An antagonist muscle aids in the action of the prime mover.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a synergist muscle?

    <p>To complement the prime mover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A muscle that changes in length and enables movement is classified as an ______ contraction.

    <p>isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the muscle type to its description.

    <p>Circular = Controlled opening and closing of orifice Fusiform = Spindle shape with tendinous attachments Flat = Parallel fibers with aponeurosis Pennate = Feather-like, diagonal fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

    <p>Blood cell and platelet formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphyseal plate marks the end of growth in the bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the layers that surround the medullary cavity called?

    <p>Endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure that connects osteocytes to each other is called __________.

    <p>canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bone with their characteristics:

    <p>Compact Bone = Contains osteons with blood vessels and nerves Trabecular Bone = Composed of needle-like trabeculae with no central canals Diaphysis = Long shaft of a long bone Epiphysis = Ends of a long bone covered in hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of long bones is primarily responsible for linear growth?

    <p>Metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The periosteum is a single-layer membrane that covers the outer surface of bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the central canal in an osteon?

    <p>Haversian canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are rings of bone matrix found inside an osteon.

    <p>concentric lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opening in the diaphysis that allows vessels and nerves to enter the bone called?

    <p>Nutrient foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is most commonly found at the ends of bones in joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoclasts are responsible for building new bone tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteocytes within bone tissue?

    <p>Maintain bone tissue and respond to mechanical stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a dense connective tissue covering that supplies nutrients to cartilage.

    <p>perichondrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bone cells with their primary function:

    <p>Osteoblasts = Bone forming cells Osteoclasts = Bone resorbing cells Osteocytes = Maintains bone tissue Bone lining cells = Maintain matrix during non-remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by voluntary control?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrocartilage is primarily found in the ear and epiglottis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the three types of cartilage.

    <p>Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteogenic cells can differentiate into __________ or bone lining cells.

    <p>osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>To maintain the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is voluntary and striated?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endomysium surrounds the entire muscle and is made of dense irregular connective tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ surrounds each fascicle of muscle fibers.

    <p>perimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of muscle contraction with its description:

    <p>Tonic contraction = Slight contraction while relaxed Reflexive contraction = Automatic contractions due to stimulus Isometric contraction = Muscle length remains the same during contraction Isotonic contraction = Muscle changes length while maintaining constant tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscles?

    <p>Hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All muscle types can contract to perform their specific functions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle?

    <p>Epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles always pull and never _____ during contraction.

    <p>push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes smooth muscle?

    <p>Involuntary and smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Composition and Function

    • Organic Components: Contribute to flexibility and include cells, osteoid, and collagen fibers; involved in hemopoiesis (blood cell production) and store calcium and phosphates.
    • Inorganic Components: Hydroxyapatite crystals provide strength, supporting and protecting the body.
    • Bone Types:
      • Long bones: Tubular, elongated shape; site for hemopoiesis.
      • Flat bones: Protect underlying tissues; involved in hematopoiesis during growth.
      • Short bones: Cuboidal bones found in wrists and ankles.
      • Irregular bones: Complex shapes.
      • Sesamoid bones: Develop in tendons (e.g., kneecaps).

    Anatomical Structure of Bone

    • Diaphysis: The long shaft of a bone.
    • Metaphysis: Area present during development between the diaphysis and epiphysis; involved in growth.
    • Epiphysis: Ends of the bone, covered with hyaline cartilage for joint cushioning.
    • Marrow Cavity: Contains red and yellow bone marrow; red for blood cell formation, yellow for fat storage.
    • Compact Bone: Composed of osteons (haversian systems) containing concentric lamellae, lacunae housing osteocytes, and central canals for vessels.
    • Trabecular Bone: Inner bone with needle-like trabeculae; nourished by canaliculi linking to capillaries.

    Bone Cells and Their Functions

    • Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells.
    • Osteoblasts: Build bone by synthesizing and secreting the osteoid matrix.
    • Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts in lacunae; maintain matrix and respond to mechanical stress.
    • Osteoclasts: Resorb bone through enzymatic activity; large and motile.
    • Bone Lining Cells: Flat cells that help maintain the bone matrix.

    Cartilage Components and Functions

    • Components: Gelatinous extracellular matrix (ECM) with various fibers and chondrocytes in lacunae; perichondrium for nutrient diffusion.
    • Characteristics: Avascular structure contributes to flexibility and low-friction surfaces.
    • Types of Cartilage:
      • Hyaline: Most common, provides support and allows joint movement.
      • Elastic: Contains more elastin for flexibility; found in the ear and epiglottis.
      • Fibrocartilage: Offers strength and cushioning; present in intervertebral discs and menisci.

    Muscle Tissue Organization

    • Surrounding CT: Connective tissue binds muscle fibers into fascicles and carries nerves and vessels.
    • Muscle Fiber Types: Differentiated by degree of control (voluntary vs involuntary) and appearance (smooth vs striated).
    • Muscle Types:
      • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, responsible for movement.
      • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.
      • Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, smooth, located in hollow organs.

    Muscle Contraction Types

    • Tonic Contraction: Maintains muscle tone without movement; stabilizes joints and posture.
    • Reflexive Contraction: Automatic muscular response to stimuli (e.g., myotatic reflex).
    • Phasic Contraction:
      • Isotonic: Muscle length changes, includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) contractions.
      • Isometric: Muscle tension increases without length change; helps resist forces.

    Muscle Categories and Features

    • Naming Based on Shapes:
      • Circular (Sphincteral): Control openings.
      • Fusiform: Spindle-shaped for efficient contraction.
      • Flat: Stabilizers with parallel fibers.
      • Pennate: Feather-like with diagonal fibers.
      • Convergent: Broad origin converging into single tendon.
      • Quadrate: Four equal sides.
    • Muscles may also be categorized by their attachment and functional roles, including prime movers, synergists, antagonists, and stabilizers.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the components of bone that contribute to its strength and flexibility, focusing on both organic and inorganic elements. Prepare to explore how these components aid in various bodily functions, including hemopoiesis and mineral storage.

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