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Questions and Answers
Which of the following components of bone is primarily responsible for flexibility?
Which of the following components of bone is primarily responsible for flexibility?
Compact bone is located on the interior of the bone structure.
Compact bone is located on the interior of the bone structure.
False
What type of muscle contraction involves a change in muscle length?
What type of muscle contraction involves a change in muscle length?
Isotonic contraction
The primary function of _______ in bones is to produce white blood cells and red blood cells.
The primary function of _______ in bones is to produce white blood cells and red blood cells.
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Match the following types of muscles with their characteristics:
Match the following types of muscles with their characteristics:
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What is the primary role of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?
What is the primary role of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?
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Eccentric contraction involves muscle fibers shortening.
Eccentric contraction involves muscle fibers shortening.
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What is the function of trabecular bone?
What is the function of trabecular bone?
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Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle shortens?
Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle shortens?
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An antagonist muscle aids in the action of the prime mover.
An antagonist muscle aids in the action of the prime mover.
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What is the primary role of a synergist muscle?
What is the primary role of a synergist muscle?
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A muscle that changes in length and enables movement is classified as an ______ contraction.
A muscle that changes in length and enables movement is classified as an ______ contraction.
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Match the muscle type to its description.
Match the muscle type to its description.
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What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
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The epiphyseal plate marks the end of growth in the bone.
The epiphyseal plate marks the end of growth in the bone.
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What are the layers that surround the medullary cavity called?
What are the layers that surround the medullary cavity called?
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The primary structure that connects osteocytes to each other is called __________.
The primary structure that connects osteocytes to each other is called __________.
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Match the following types of bone with their characteristics:
Match the following types of bone with their characteristics:
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Which component of long bones is primarily responsible for linear growth?
Which component of long bones is primarily responsible for linear growth?
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The periosteum is a single-layer membrane that covers the outer surface of bones.
The periosteum is a single-layer membrane that covers the outer surface of bones.
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What term describes the central canal in an osteon?
What term describes the central canal in an osteon?
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The __________ are rings of bone matrix found inside an osteon.
The __________ are rings of bone matrix found inside an osteon.
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What is the opening in the diaphysis that allows vessels and nerves to enter the bone called?
What is the opening in the diaphysis that allows vessels and nerves to enter the bone called?
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Which type of cartilage is most commonly found at the ends of bones in joints?
Which type of cartilage is most commonly found at the ends of bones in joints?
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Osteoclasts are responsible for building new bone tissue.
Osteoclasts are responsible for building new bone tissue.
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What is the primary function of osteocytes within bone tissue?
What is the primary function of osteocytes within bone tissue?
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The __________ is a dense connective tissue covering that supplies nutrients to cartilage.
The __________ is a dense connective tissue covering that supplies nutrients to cartilage.
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Match the following bone cells with their primary function:
Match the following bone cells with their primary function:
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Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by voluntary control?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by voluntary control?
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Fibrocartilage is primarily found in the ear and epiglottis.
Fibrocartilage is primarily found in the ear and epiglottis.
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List the three types of cartilage.
List the three types of cartilage.
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Osteogenic cells can differentiate into __________ or bone lining cells.
Osteogenic cells can differentiate into __________ or bone lining cells.
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What is the primary role of chondrocytes in cartilage?
What is the primary role of chondrocytes in cartilage?
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Which type of muscle is voluntary and striated?
Which type of muscle is voluntary and striated?
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The endomysium surrounds the entire muscle and is made of dense irregular connective tissue.
The endomysium surrounds the entire muscle and is made of dense irregular connective tissue.
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What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
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The ________ surrounds each fascicle of muscle fibers.
The ________ surrounds each fascicle of muscle fibers.
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Match the type of muscle contraction with its description:
Match the type of muscle contraction with its description:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscles?
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscles?
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All muscle types can contract to perform their specific functions.
All muscle types can contract to perform their specific functions.
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What type of connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle?
What type of connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle?
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Skeletal muscles always pull and never _____ during contraction.
Skeletal muscles always pull and never _____ during contraction.
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Which characteristic describes smooth muscle?
Which characteristic describes smooth muscle?
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Study Notes
Bone Composition and Function
- Organic Components: Contribute to flexibility and include cells, osteoid, and collagen fibers; involved in hemopoiesis (blood cell production) and store calcium and phosphates.
- Inorganic Components: Hydroxyapatite crystals provide strength, supporting and protecting the body.
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Bone Types:
- Long bones: Tubular, elongated shape; site for hemopoiesis.
- Flat bones: Protect underlying tissues; involved in hematopoiesis during growth.
- Short bones: Cuboidal bones found in wrists and ankles.
- Irregular bones: Complex shapes.
- Sesamoid bones: Develop in tendons (e.g., kneecaps).
Anatomical Structure of Bone
- Diaphysis: The long shaft of a bone.
- Metaphysis: Area present during development between the diaphysis and epiphysis; involved in growth.
- Epiphysis: Ends of the bone, covered with hyaline cartilage for joint cushioning.
- Marrow Cavity: Contains red and yellow bone marrow; red for blood cell formation, yellow for fat storage.
- Compact Bone: Composed of osteons (haversian systems) containing concentric lamellae, lacunae housing osteocytes, and central canals for vessels.
- Trabecular Bone: Inner bone with needle-like trabeculae; nourished by canaliculi linking to capillaries.
Bone Cells and Their Functions
- Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells.
- Osteoblasts: Build bone by synthesizing and secreting the osteoid matrix.
- Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts in lacunae; maintain matrix and respond to mechanical stress.
- Osteoclasts: Resorb bone through enzymatic activity; large and motile.
- Bone Lining Cells: Flat cells that help maintain the bone matrix.
Cartilage Components and Functions
- Components: Gelatinous extracellular matrix (ECM) with various fibers and chondrocytes in lacunae; perichondrium for nutrient diffusion.
- Characteristics: Avascular structure contributes to flexibility and low-friction surfaces.
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Types of Cartilage:
- Hyaline: Most common, provides support and allows joint movement.
- Elastic: Contains more elastin for flexibility; found in the ear and epiglottis.
- Fibrocartilage: Offers strength and cushioning; present in intervertebral discs and menisci.
Muscle Tissue Organization
- Surrounding CT: Connective tissue binds muscle fibers into fascicles and carries nerves and vessels.
- Muscle Fiber Types: Differentiated by degree of control (voluntary vs involuntary) and appearance (smooth vs striated).
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Muscle Types:
- Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, responsible for movement.
- Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.
- Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, smooth, located in hollow organs.
Muscle Contraction Types
- Tonic Contraction: Maintains muscle tone without movement; stabilizes joints and posture.
- Reflexive Contraction: Automatic muscular response to stimuli (e.g., myotatic reflex).
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Phasic Contraction:
- Isotonic: Muscle length changes, includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) contractions.
- Isometric: Muscle tension increases without length change; helps resist forces.
Muscle Categories and Features
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Naming Based on Shapes:
- Circular (Sphincteral): Control openings.
- Fusiform: Spindle-shaped for efficient contraction.
- Flat: Stabilizers with parallel fibers.
- Pennate: Feather-like with diagonal fibers.
- Convergent: Broad origin converging into single tendon.
- Quadrate: Four equal sides.
- Muscles may also be categorized by their attachment and functional roles, including prime movers, synergists, antagonists, and stabilizers.
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Description
This quiz covers the components of bone that contribute to its strength and flexibility, focusing on both organic and inorganic elements. Prepare to explore how these components aid in various bodily functions, including hemopoiesis and mineral storage.
