Payam medium

Bone-forming cells

Bone-resorbing cells

Long bone development

FGFR3 gene mutation disrupting growth plate function

Brittle bone disease, defective collagen synthesis

Rapidly formed, less organized bone.

Mature, organized, and strong adult bone.

Bone loss, increasing risk of fractures.

A type of osteoporosis where bone is decreased in quantity, but histologically (microscopic structure) appears normal.

A condition caused by high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased osteoclastic activity (bone breakdown) and osteopenia.

A manifestation of untreated hyperparathyroidism. It's a mass of reactive tissue from bone loss, micro fractures, and secondary hemorrhages.

A bone disease with increased, but disordered, bone formation, and resulting in structurally unsound bone.

A characteristic of diseases where bone is broken down and reformed at a faster-than-normal rate.

A condition, triggered by lower-than-normal levels of active Vitamin D, leading to increased parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Fractures in the vertebrae of the spine, potentially leading to postural problems and respiratory difficulties.

A condition characterized by bone loss, microfractures, and hemorrhages primarily seen in symptomatic hyperparathyroidism.

Extensive polyostotic hypervascularity can lead to high-output congestive heart failure, often seen in conditions like fibrous dysplasia.

A characteristic fracture that occurs in fragile, brittle bones, often seen in fibrous dysplasia, where bone is replaced by fibrous tissue.

A piece of dead bone that has become separated from the living bone due to infection. It remains surrounded by infected tissue.

A layer of new bone that forms around a sequestrum as a protective barrier to contain the infection.

Tuberculous infection of the vertebrae leading to spinal curvature, collapse, and potential neurological deficits.

A developmental disorder usually less than 5mm in size, often bilateral and multiple. Lesions larger than 5cm are considered Non-ossifying fibromas.

A benign bone tumor characterized by osteoclast-like giant cells, often detected incidentally. It's a larger version of a Fibrous Cortical Defect.

A benign bone disorder caused by a GNAS gene mutation. It can be associated with McCune Albright Syndrome, which also includes café-au-lait spots and endocrine issues.

A malignant tumor derived from notochord remnants in intervertebral discs. It commonly affects the sacrococcygeal region.

A highly malignant round cell tumor of bones and soft tissue, primarily affecting young individuals. It involves a specific gene rearrangement and often presents with distinctive microscopic features.

A chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage breakdown leading to joint pain and stiffness. It affects primarily older individuals and may exhibit characteristic bony growths on fingers.

A systemic autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of joints and other tissues. It is characterized by multiple joint involvement, progressive joint damage, and specific antibody markers.

Osteoarthritis is degenerative, primarily impacting cartilage, with bone spurs. Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune, causing joint inflammation, swelling, and ultimately joint destruction.

A slow-growing, benign bone tumor composed of mature cortical bone, typically found in the head and neck, especially in the paranasal sinuses. It can be solitary or multiple, with multiple osteomas being associated with Gardner Syndrome.

These tumors are similar histologically and affect mostly men aged 10-20. The main difference lies in size: Osteoid osteoma is < 2 cm and Osteoblastoma is > 2 cm. Osteoid osteoma causes night pain and responds to aspirin, while Osteoblastoma is localized to the vertebral column and doesn't respond to aspirin. Neither is malignant unless irradiated.

The most common primary malignant bone tumor, usually affecting individuals under 20 years old. It features immature bone tissue and malignant osteoid production, leading to rapid growth and painful mass. It often presents with a pathological fracture and spreads through the bloodstream, typically to the lungs.

A radiological sign of osteosarcoma, characterized by a triangular area of new bone formation formed by the periosteum lifted by the tumor.

A benign tumor connected to a bone by a stalk and capped with cartilage, typically occurring in men during early adulthood. It can be solitary or multiple, with multiple osteochondromas being an autosomal dominant condition. It develops from the medulla and can potentially cause pain due to nerve compression when the stalk is broken.

A benign tumor composed of hyaline cartilage, usually solitary and affecting individuals between 20-50 years old. It typically involves the small tubular bones of hands and feet. Multiple chondromas can be associated with Soillier-Maffucci syndrome and are linked to IDH-1 mutations. They are usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally.

A malignant tumor composed of neoplastic cartilage cells, usually affecting individuals over 20 years old. It typically involves the pelvis, shoulder, and ribs, and rarely affects the distal extremities. Unlike enchondromas, it is painful, slow-growing, and locally aggressive, with a risk of lung and skeletal metastasis.

The main difference between them is size. Osteoid osteoma is smaller than 2 cm, while Osteoblastoma is larger than 2 cm. Osteoid osteoma typically causes night pain and responds to aspirin, while Osteoblastoma is painful but not localized and does not respond to aspirin.