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Questions and Answers
Which joint is classified as a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Which joint is classified as a secondary cartilaginous joint?
- Elbow joint
- Pubic symphysis
- Intervertebral disc (correct)
- Superior tibiofibular joint
What type of movement is primarily associated with hinge joints?
What type of movement is primarily associated with hinge joints?
- Movement in one plane (correct)
- Movement around all three axes
- Movement in two planes
- Slipping movements only
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of synovial joints?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of synovial joints?
- Fibrous capsule
- Joint (synovial) cavity
- Articular hyaline cartilage
- Bony fusion at the joint (correct)
Which joint allows for biaxial movement?
Which joint allows for biaxial movement?
Which of the following joints is an example of a nonaxial joint?
Which of the following joints is an example of a nonaxial joint?
Which of the following describes a joint that allows no movement?
Which of the following describes a joint that allows no movement?
Which type of joint is characterized by bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue?
Which type of joint is characterized by bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue?
What type of joint is formed where a tooth fits into its socket?
What type of joint is formed where a tooth fits into its socket?
Which of the following movements involves turning the palm upward?
Which of the following movements involves turning the palm upward?
Turning the sole of the foot inward is known as which of the following movements?
Turning the sole of the foot inward is known as which of the following movements?
Which structural classification of joints allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which structural classification of joints allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which of the following is an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?
Which of the following is an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?
Which movement is characterized by bending a limb at a joint, decreasing the angle between two bones?
Which movement is characterized by bending a limb at a joint, decreasing the angle between two bones?
What is the term for the movement of a body part away from the midline?
What is the term for the movement of a body part away from the midline?
Which joint movement involves turning the palm backward and the thumb pointing toward the midline?
Which joint movement involves turning the palm backward and the thumb pointing toward the midline?
What type of joint movement is described as bringing the foot toward the shin?
What type of joint movement is described as bringing the foot toward the shin?
Which of the following describes the movement of the mandible upward?
Which of the following describes the movement of the mandible upward?
What defines circumduction in terms of joint movement?
What defines circumduction in terms of joint movement?
Which term describes the turning of the sole of the foot outward?
Which term describes the turning of the sole of the foot outward?
What is the movement called when the thumb touches the tip of another finger on the same hand?
What is the movement called when the thumb touches the tip of another finger on the same hand?
Which joint movement describes the rotation of a part of the body to face inward?
Which joint movement describes the rotation of a part of the body to face inward?
What is the difference between retraction and protraction in mandibular movements?
What is the difference between retraction and protraction in mandibular movements?
In what case does flexion occur?
In what case does flexion occur?
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Study Notes
Body Movements
- Flexion: Bending two surfaces toward each other
- Extension: Bending two surfaces away from each other
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline
- Internal Rotation: Turning a part of the body to face inward, towards the midline
- External Rotation: Turning a part of the body to face outward, away from the midline
- Circumduction: Circular movement
- Rotation: Turning on a single axis
- Supination: Lateral rotation of the forearm, leaving the palm forward and thumb away from the midline
- Pronation: Medial rotation of the forearm, leaving the palm backward and thumb pointing toward the midline
- Opposition: Thumb touching the tip of another finger in the same hand
- Reposition: Returning the thumb to its normal position
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward
- Dorsiflexion: Ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin
- Plantarflexion: Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
- Depression: Mandible movement downward
- Elevation: Mandible movement upward
- Retraction: Mandible movement backward
- Protraction: Mandible movement forward
Joints (Articulations)
- Two or more bones meet together
- Functions:
- Give skeleton mobility
- Hold skeleton together
Classification of Joints
- Structural Classification:
- Fibrous: Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue
- Cartilaginous: Bones joined by cartilage
- Synovial: Bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity
- Functional Classification:
- Immovable (Synarthroses): Fibrous joints
- Slightly movable (Amphiarthroses): Cartilaginous joints
- Freely movable (Diarthroses): Synovial joints
Fibrous Joints
- Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
- No joint cavity
- Most are synarthrotic (immovable)
- Types:
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Gomphoses
Sutures
- Between bones of the skull
- Joined with short connective tissue fibers
Gomphosis
- Peg in socket joint
- Only example: Tooth in bony alveolar socket
Syndesmosis
- Bones connected by ligament
- Immovable or slightly movable
- Examples:
- Inferior tibiofibular joint
- Interosseus membrane: Between tibia/fibula & ulna/radius
Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones united by cartilage
- Bones connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
- No joint cavity
- Types:
- Primary: (Synchondroses)
- Secondary: (Symphyses)
Primary Cartilaginous (Synchondroses)
- Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
- Joints are Synarthroses
- Examples:
- Epiphyseal plates in long bones of children
- Costal cartilage of the first rib and manubrium of the sternum (1ry → 1st sternocostal joint)
Secondary Cartilaginous (Symphyses)
- Articular surfaces of bone covered with hyaline cartilage fused to a plate of fibrocartilage
- Joints are amphiarthrotic
- Examples
- Intervertebral joints (discs)
- Pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
- Special features:
- Articular hyaline cartilage
- Joint (synovial cavity)
- Fibrous capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid
Movements at Synovial Joints
- Range of Movement:
- Nonaxial—slipping movements only: Plane Joint
- Uniaxial—movement in one plane: Hinge Joint and Pivot Joint
- Biaxial—movement in two planes: Condyloid Joint and Saddle Joint
- Multiaxial—movement around all three: Ball & Socket Joint
Classification of Synovial Joints
- Plane Joint:
- Nonaxial joints
- Example: Midcarpal joints
- Hinge Joint:
- Uniaxial joints
- Example: Elbow joint
- Pivot Joint:
- Uniaxial joints
- Example: Radioulnar joint (Superior)**
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