Joints 2025 PDF

Joints Dr. Anfal M. Elawady Assistant lecturer of anatomy & embryology Faculty of medicine, Suez University 1  Hello! Contact Information: Dr. Anfal El-awady Mobile: 01030469231 Official Email: [email protected] 2 Intended Learning Outcomes...

Joints Dr. Anfal M. Elawady Assistant lecturer of anatomy & embryology Faculty of medicine, Suez University 1  Hello! Contact Information: Dr. Anfal El-awady Mobile: 01030469231 Official Email: [email protected] 2 Intended Learning Outcomes: (ILOs) 1- Describe the different terms related to the movements 2- Classify the joints according to their structure and function, giving examples. 3- Classify synovial joints according to their shapes, number of the articulating bones & the axes around which movements occur, giving examples. 4- Describe the factors affecting the stability of a joint. 3 Body movements 4 5  Flexion Extension ○ Generally the bending ○ Generally the bending of two surfaces of two surfaces away toward each other. from each other. 6 7 8  Abduction Adduction ○ Any movement away ○ Any movement toward from the midline the midline 9 Hip joint 10 Internal (medial) External (lateral) rotation rotation ○ Turning a part of the ○ Turning a part of the body to face inward body to face outward ○ Toward the midline ○ Away from the midline 11  Circumduction Rotation ○ Sometimes used to describe ○ Turning on a single axis a circular movement 12  Supination vs pronation ○ Lateral rotation of the forearm ○ Medial rotation of the forearm ○ Leaving palm forward & thumb ○ Leaving palm backward & thumb away point toward the midline 13 Opposition ○ Thumb touch tip of another finger in same hand ○ Whan back to normal position → Reposition 14 15 16 Movements of the foot 17  Inversion Eversion ○ Turning the sole of the foot ○ Turning the sole of the foo inward outward 18  Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion ○ Ankle movement bringing ○ Ankle movement pointing the foot toward the shin the foot downward 19  Movements of the mandible 20  Depression Elevation ○ Mandible movement ○ Mandible movement downward upward 21  Retraction Protraction ○ Mandible movement ○ Mandible movement backward forward 22 24 1) A doctor asked the patient to rotate the forearm laterally and leaving the palm forward. Which of the following movements is the one the patient performed? A- Flexion of wrist joint B- Pronation of hand C- Supination of hand D- Adduction of the wrist joint 2) Turning the sole of the foot outward is considered as which of the following movements? A- Dorsiflexion B- Plantarflexion C- Inversion D- Eversion 25  Joints articulations ❖ A joint is the site where two or more bones meet together. ❖ Functions: Give skeleton mobility Hold skeleton together 26  Classification of joints Structural Functional Fibrous Immovable (Synarthroses) Cartilaginous Slightly movable (Amphiarthroses) Synovial Freely movable (Diarthroses) 27  Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial articular surfaces of bones are joined by fibrous tissues joined by cartilage. separated by a fluid -filled cavity. 28  Fibrous joints ❖ Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue ❖ No joint cavity ❖ Most are synarthrotic (immovable) ❖ Three types: 1. Sutures 2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphoses 29  Sutures between bones of the skull joined with short connective tissue fibers... 30  Gomphosis ❖ Peg in socket joint ❖ Only example is tooth in bony alveolar socket 31  Syndesmosis Bones connected by ligament Immovable or slightly movable Examples: 1- Inferior tibiofibular joint 2- Inter-osseus membrane → middle joint between (tibia & fibula), (ulna & radius) 32 Syndesmosis 33  Cartilaginous Joints ❖ Bones united by cartilage ❖ Bones connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage ❖ No joint cavity ❖ Two types: 1- Primary: (Synchondroses) 2- Secondary: (Symphyses) 34  Primary Cartilaginous ❖ A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones ❖ Joints are Synarthroses ❖ Examples are : -Epiphyseal plates in long bones of children. -Costal cartilage of first rib & manubrium of sternum (1ry → 1st sternocostal joint) 35 Secondary Cartilaginous ❖ Articular surfaces of bone covered with hyaline cartilage fused to plate of fibrocartilage ❖ Joints are amphiarthrotic ❖ Examples are: - Intervertebral joints (discs) - Pubic symphysis (Cartilage joint in midline) 36 37 Which of the following joints is considered as a fibrous joint? a. Pubic symphesis b. Superior tibiofibular joint c. Shoulder joint d. Middle radioulnar joint Which of the following joints is considered as a 2ry cartilagenous joint? a. Intervertebral disc b. Elbow c. Inferior tibiofibular d. Epiphyseal cartilage 39  Synovial Joints Special features : a. Articular hyaline cartilage b. Joint (synovial) cavity c. Fibrous capsule d. Synovial membrane e. Synovial fluid 40 Movements at Synovial Joints: 41  Range of Movement Nonaxial—slipping movements only PLANE JOINT Uniaxial—movement in one plane HINGE JOINT PIVOT JOINT CONDYLOID JOINT SADDLE JOINT Biaxial—movement in two planes BALL& SOCKET JOINT Multiaxial—movement around all three 42 43 44  Classification of Synovial Joints PLANE JOINT HINGE JOINT PIVOT JOINT Nonaxial joints Uniaxial joints Uniaxial joints -Example: - Example: - Example: - Midcarpal joints -Elbow joint - Radioulnar joint (Sup. & inf.) - Carpo-metacarpals - Interphalangeal joints - Median atlanto-axial joint - Superior tibiofibular - Knee (Modified hinge) ( ) C1 - C2 vertebrae 45  CONDYLOID SADDLE BALL& JOINT JOINT SOCKET JOINT -Biaxial joint -Biaxial joint Multiaxial joints - Example: Example: -Example: -Metacarpophalyngeal joints - 1st carpometacarpal joint - Shoulder & hip joints - Wrist joint (of thumb) - Sterno-clavicular 46  HINGE JOINT PIVOT JOINT 47  CONDYLOID JOINT SADDLE JOINT 48  BALL& SOCKET JOINT PLANE JOINT 49 50 51 Thanks! Good Luck