Body Fluid Compartments and Homeostasis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of osmosis in biological systems?

  • To create an electrical gradient by moving ions across cell membranes.
  • To allow the flow of water from lower to higher solute concentration.
  • To diffuse water across a semi-permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration. (correct)
  • To facilitate the movement of solutes from high to low concentration.

    • Which fluid compartment in the body contains approximately 60% of the total water content?

  • Extracellular fluid
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Plasma
  • Intracellular fluid (correct)

    • What would happen to cells if there was too much water in the body?

  • Cells would become more effective at regulating solute concentrations.
  • Cells would gain a higher concentration of solutes.
  • Cells could potentially burst due to low solute concentration. (correct)
  • Cells would undergo plasmolysis.

    • In plasma, which ion demonstrates the highest concentration among the specified ions?

    <p>Sodium (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the electrochemical impact of ions quantified in a solution?

    <p>Using the formula mmol/L X valency = mEq/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the body when an ionic charge imbalance is present?

    <p>Electrical neutrality may be compromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is predominantly found in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fluid is classified as interstitial fluid?

    <p>Fluid surrounding cells that is not in blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating calcium levels?

    <p>It promotes the breakdown of bone matrix to release calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calcitonin respond to elevated calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>By increasing the activity of osteoblasts to incorporate calcium into bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) play in calcium regulation?

    <p>It aids in the intestinal absorption of dietary calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on phosphate levels?

    <p>It increases phosphate excretion through the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of which hormone is triggered by a decrease in blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To maintain ion balance across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys?

    <p>It is the pressure exerted by blood against blood vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydration affects the osmotic gradient by primarily causing:

    <p>Water to move from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do baroreceptors play in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Detect changes in blood pressure linked to blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin system?

    <p>To decrease urine output and stimulate thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between osmolarity and hydration status?

    <p>Higher osmolarity indicates lower hydration status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During significant dehydration, what happens within the kidneys?

    <p>Less nitrogenous waste is removed due to impaired function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum daily urine production required for proper bodily functions?

    <p>0.47 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately characterizes active transport?

    <p>Utilizes energy to move solutes against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

    <p>Controls the amount of water reabsorbed, reducing urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of hyperkalemia on cardiac function?

    <p>Inability of the heart to relax after contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a lower than normal concentration of chloride in the blood?

    <p>Hypochloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance primarily helps maintain the body's acid-base balance through buffer systems?

    <p>Bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium regulation in the kidneys?

    <p>Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ionic form of phosphate is the most common in the body?

    <p>HPO4^2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency directly affects calcium absorption in the intestines?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive sweating lead to in terms of electrolyte balance?

    <p>Loss of sodium and chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the blood?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of calcium in the body?

    <p>Muscle contraction and nerve function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can be caused by heavy use of antacids or alcohol withdrawal?

    <p>Hypophosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process does ADH primarily facilitate in the kidneys?

    <p>Increases water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by low extracellular fluid volume?

    <p>Hypovolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do diuretics generally have on urine output?

    <p>Increase urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hypertonic solution?

    <p>3% NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during hypernatremia?

    <p>Hemoconcentration of blood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of potassium in body cells?

    <p>Establishes resting membrane potential in neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is likely to result from excessive water accumulation in the body?

    <p>Hypervolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would diuretics potentially cause hypokalemia?

    <p>Prolonged fasting without supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do electrolytes play concerning water movement in the body?

    <p>They maintain osmotic balance for fluid movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte directly influences the excretion of sodium in the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Fluid Compartments and Homeostasis

    • Body Water Content: Adults are primarily water, with 50-60% of body mass being water.

    Fluid Compartments

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells, making up approximately 60% of total body water. Contains high levels of potassium, hydrogen phosphate, magnesium, and protein.

    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, including plasma and interstitial fluid. Makes up approximately 1/3 of total body water. Contains high levels of chloride and bicarbonate. Plasma, within blood vessels, carries blood cells, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes, while interstitial fluid surrounds cells.

    • Other Water-Based Fluids: Cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, and aqueous humor are also part of the body’s fluid systems.

    Electrolytes

    • Electrolyte Balance: Body fluids are electrically neutral; cations and anions are balanced. The body strives for electrical homeostasis (electrical neutrality)

    • Equivalents (mEq): Measures the electrochemical impact of ions. Reflects ionic charge, not just concentration. Calculated as mmol/L x valency = mEq/L.

    • Example: Na+ (140 mmol/L) = 140 mEq/L; Ca2+ (2.5 mmol/L) = 5 mEq/L

    Sodium-Potassium Pump

    • Function: Found in cell membranes, maintains Na+ and K+ balance. For every three Na+ ions pumped out, two K+ are pumped in.

    • Importance: Creates ion concentration differences across the membrane, crucial for nerve signals, muscle contractions, and cell stability. This process uses energy (ATP).

    Fluid Movement

    • Osmosis: Water moves from high to low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. Does not require energy.

    • Osmotic Gradient: Difference in solute concentration across a membrane. Drives water movement between compartments.

    • Hydrostatic Pressure: Force exerted by fluid against a wall, influencing fluid movement between compartments.

    • Colloidal Osmotic Pressure: Pressure exerted by large molecules (colloids) in blood vessels. Draws water into vessels.

    Fluid Balance & Regulation

    • Dehydration/Rehydration: Water loss (e.g., sweating) increases solute concentration. Water moves from blood to other tissues until equilibrium is reached. Rehydration involves water moving in the opposite direction.

    • Renal Considerations (Hydrostatic): Kidney function requires sufficient hydrostatic pressure to ensure proper water and waste filtration. Reduced pressure can impair kidney function.

    • Plasma Osmolality: Ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma (275-295 mmol/kg). Maintained through water intake and output.

    • Osmoreceptors and Baroreceptors: Detect changes in osmolality and blood pressure, triggering responses (e.g., thirst, increased heart rate/contraction).

    • Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS): Helps control blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction, water/sodium retention, and increased thirst. Angiotensin II and aldosterone are key players.

    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Released by the posterior pituitary, controlling water reabsorption by the kidneys. Regulates water balance in response to changes in blood osmolality.

    • Diuresis: Excessive urine production in response to fluid intake.

    • Diuretics: Compounds increasing urine output and reducing water retention (e.g., alcohol, caffeine).

    Fluid Imbalances

    • Hypovolemia: Low extracellular fluid volume (often due to sodium and water loss from e.g., vomiting, diarrhea).

    • Hypervolemia: Increased extracellular fluid volume (e.g., heart failure, kidney failure).

    • Types of IV Fluids: Classified by tonicity (relative solute concentration compared to blood plasma).

    • Crystalloids: Simple salt solutions used to replenish fluids (e.g., normal saline).

    • Colloids: Larger molecules stay in the bloodstream longer (e.g., albumin).

    • Isotonic: Similar solute concentration to blood plasma.

    • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration than blood plasma.

    • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration than blood plasma.

    Key Electrolytes

    • Sodium (Na+): Major extracellular cation, crucial for osmotic pressure and nerve function.

    • Potassium (K+): Major intracellular cation, essential for nerve and muscle function.

    • Chloride (Cl-): Predominant extracellular anion, important for hydration and electrical neutrality in ECF

    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Maintains acid-base balance, critical in buffering and transporting CO2.

    • Calcium (Ca2+): Essential for muscle contraction, enzyme activity, and blood clotting.

    • Phosphate: Important in bone composition, cell membranes, and energy processes.

    Other Considerations

    • Ion Loss: Ions are primarily lost through urine, but also in sweat and feces.

    • Electrolyte Regulation: Kidneys play a crucial role in regulating ion levels in the extracellular fluid, alongside hormones like aldosterone.

    • Calcium and Phosphate Regulation: Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D (in its active form, calcitriol) all regulate calcium and phosphate levels.

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    Description

    Explore the complex world of body fluids and their role in homeostasis. This quiz covers the distribution of intracellular and extracellular fluids, as well as the significance of electrolytes within the body. Test your knowledge on how these components maintain balance and support bodily functions.

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