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How many people suffer from diarrhoea every day?
How many people suffer from diarrhoea every day?
What is the impact of viral gastroenteritis on global human health?
What is the impact of viral gastroenteritis on global human health?
Which type of virus causes 'winter vomiting disease'?
Which type of virus causes 'winter vomiting disease'?
What is the genome type of Norovirus according to Baltimore classification?
What is the genome type of Norovirus according to Baltimore classification?
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Which virus is known as a 'hit-and-run' virus due to its short duration of activity?
Which virus is known as a 'hit-and-run' virus due to its short duration of activity?
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What is the size of the genome of Astroviruses?
What is the size of the genome of Astroviruses?
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Which virus is associated with infecting cells in the intestine and affecting mostly children?
Which virus is associated with infecting cells in the intestine and affecting mostly children?
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What is the distinctive feature of Astroviruses' morphology?
What is the distinctive feature of Astroviruses' morphology?
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How are Noroviruses primarily transmitted?
How are Noroviruses primarily transmitted?
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Which type of immunity against Astroviruses is long-lasting but tends to wane with age?
Which type of immunity against Astroviruses is long-lasting but tends to wane with age?
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What is the mode of transmission for Adenoviruses that primarily affects children?
What is the mode of transmission for Adenoviruses that primarily affects children?
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What is the estimated cost of norovirus infections to the NHS in the UK per annum?
What is the estimated cost of norovirus infections to the NHS in the UK per annum?
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Which virus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide?
Which virus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide?
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What is the annual mortality rate due to diarrhoeal diseases globally?
What is the annual mortality rate due to diarrhoeal diseases globally?
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Which virus is known for its high stability to inactivation and quick infection, particularly in children?
Which virus is known for its high stability to inactivation and quick infection, particularly in children?
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What is the most effective treatment for rotavirus infection?
What is the most effective treatment for rotavirus infection?
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Which virus has been underestimated for a long time in terms of its true incidence?
Which virus has been underestimated for a long time in terms of its true incidence?
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What is the primary source of transmission for gastroenteritis viruses?
What is the primary source of transmission for gastroenteritis viruses?
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What family does Norovirus belong to?
What family does Norovirus belong to?
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Which virus infects the tips of the microvilli in the intestine, leading to a change in the host's ability to reabsorb water?
Which virus infects the tips of the microvilli in the intestine, leading to a change in the host's ability to reabsorb water?
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What is the main immune evasion mechanism employed by Rotavirus to maximize transcription and replication of its genome?
What is the main immune evasion mechanism employed by Rotavirus to maximize transcription and replication of its genome?
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What is the seasonal pattern for Norovirus incidence, leading to it being dubbed the 'winter vomiting bug'?
What is the seasonal pattern for Norovirus incidence, leading to it being dubbed the 'winter vomiting bug'?
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What is the recommended guideline by health authorities to prevent further spread of Norovirus?
What is the recommended guideline by health authorities to prevent further spread of Norovirus?
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What is the primary treatment approach for children infected with Rotavirus?
What is the primary treatment approach for children infected with Rotavirus?
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Viral gastroenteritis mainly affects adults rather than children
Viral gastroenteritis mainly affects adults rather than children
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All viral groups causing human gastroenteritis have similar molecular properties contributing to pathogenesis.
All viral groups causing human gastroenteritis have similar molecular properties contributing to pathogenesis.
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The term 'viral gastroenteritis' only refers to a single virus affecting the gastrointestinal system.
The term 'viral gastroenteritis' only refers to a single virus affecting the gastrointestinal system.
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Detection methods for viral gastroenteritis have not significantly evolved over time.
Detection methods for viral gastroenteritis have not significantly evolved over time.
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Norovirus belongs to Baltimore's group IV.
Norovirus belongs to Baltimore's group IV.
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Astroviruses are primarily transmitted through the respiratory route.
Astroviruses are primarily transmitted through the respiratory route.
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Adenoviruses have a large dsDNA genome of approximately 20-25kB.
Adenoviruses have a large dsDNA genome of approximately 20-25kB.
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Vaccines for Norovirus are currently available and provide long-lasting immunity.
Vaccines for Norovirus are currently available and provide long-lasting immunity.
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Astroviruses affect mostly teenagers and young adults.
Astroviruses affect mostly teenagers and young adults.
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The estimated cost of norovirus infections to the NHS in the UK per annum is approximately £80M.
The estimated cost of norovirus infections to the NHS in the UK per annum is approximately £80M.
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Kapikian et al. published a paper on Norovirus molecular features in the Journal of Virology in 1972.
Kapikian et al. published a paper on Norovirus molecular features in the Journal of Virology in 1972.
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More than 50 serotypes of Adenoviruses are known, some of which are strongly linked to respiratory and eye infections.
More than 50 serotypes of Adenoviruses are known, some of which are strongly linked to respiratory and eye infections.
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Norovirus transmission primarily occurs through airborne droplets such as vomit.
Norovirus transmission primarily occurs through airborne droplets such as vomit.
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Astroviruses can be diagnosed using Electron Microscopy (EM), ELISA, or NAAT (sequence variability).
Astroviruses can be diagnosed using Electron Microscopy (EM), ELISA, or NAAT (sequence variability).
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Noroviruses are the single major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis.
Noroviruses are the single major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis.
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Rotaviruses have poor stability to inactivation and slow infection.
Rotaviruses have poor stability to inactivation and slow infection.
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Astroviruses induce symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting.
Astroviruses induce symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting.
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Norovirus incidence has been steadily increasing over the years.
Norovirus incidence has been steadily increasing over the years.
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Noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family, which contains 3 genera: Vesivirus, Lagovirus, and Norovirus.
Noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family, which contains 3 genera: Vesivirus, Lagovirus, and Norovirus.
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Gastroenteritis viruses do not grow well in laboratory settings due to their high transmissibility.
Gastroenteritis viruses do not grow well in laboratory settings due to their high transmissibility.
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Most gastroenteritis viruses transmit via the fecal-oral route.
Most gastroenteritis viruses transmit via the fecal-oral route.
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Gastroenteritis is the leading cause of death worldwide.
Gastroenteritis is the leading cause of death worldwide.
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The main viral groups causing human gastroenteritis include Salmonella and Shigella.
The main viral groups causing human gastroenteritis include Salmonella and Shigella.
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Adenoviruses primarily affect children and are transmitted via food and water.
Adenoviruses primarily affect children and are transmitted via food and water.
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Most gastroenteritis viruses remain well-characterized and easily detectable in food.
Most gastroenteritis viruses remain well-characterized and easily detectable in food.
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Gastroenteritis viruses are rarely detectable in food except for Bivalvia shellfish.
Gastroenteritis viruses are rarely detectable in food except for Bivalvia shellfish.
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Study Notes
- Dr. Carlos Maluquer de Motes is a reader in Molecular Virology at the University of Surrey.
- He specializes in Viral Gastroenteritis.
- Objectives of the lecture include understanding the properties of gastroenteritis viruses and their impact on human health, identifying and describing the main viral groups causing human gastroenteritis, and understanding the strategies these viruses use to establish infection and pathogenesis.
- Gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in mankind, with an estimated 200 million people suffering from diarrhoea every day, and a worldwide mortality of 3-5 million people per year.
- The oral-faecal route is the primary mode of transmission for gastroenteritis viruses.
- Gastroenteritis viruses are highly contagious and extremely common. They infect via the gastrointestinal tract and remain in the gut, inducing symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting.
- Many viruses replicate in the gut, but not all of them cause gastroenteritis. Rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, and adenoviruses are examples of viruses that do cause gastroenteritis.
- Rotaviruses are non-enveloped, dsRNA viruses with a genome of 18kB divided into 11 segments. They infect the tips of the microvilli in the intestine, leading to a significant change in the host's ability to reabsorb water. Re-hydration is the most effective treatment.
- Noroviruses are the single major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, and are highly contagious. They belong to the Caliciviridae family and have a 7.5kB positive ssRNA genome.
- Astroviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses with a peculiar star-like appearance and a 7kB positive ssRNA genome. They infect epithelial cells of the intestinal tract, inducing mostly diarrhoea, and primarily affect young children and elderly, institutionalized patients.
- Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses with a large dsDNA genome. They have more than 50 serotypes and infect cells in the intestine.
- Gastroenteritis viruses are difficult to diagnose due to the small amounts of virus in clinical samples and the lack of specific diagnostic tests. The best approach is to prevent infection through proper food handling and hygiene practices.
- Rotaviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide, causing an estimated 1 million deaths annually.
- Noroviruses are responsible for around 45% of all cases of gastroenteritis in the UK, and 25% of all cases in the US. They have marked seasonality and are highly transmissible, especially in child care settings, hospitals, and cruise ships.
- No effective treatment is currently available for gastroenteritis viruses, and prevention is the best approach. Vaccines and drugs against protein synthesis, protease, and polymerase are in development.
- Astroviruses are primarily diagnosed by electron microscopy, ELISA, or NAAT due to their sequence variability.
- Adenoviruses have more than 50 serotypes and are diagnosed by their distinctive morphology in electron microscopy.
- Gastroenteritis viruses have a significant impact on global human health, and understanding their properties and transmission mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
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Description
This quiz covers learning objectives related to the properties of viruses causing gastroenteritis, their impact on human health, and the strategies these viruses use to establish infection and pathogenesis. It also includes an introduction to viral gastroenteritis.
