Podcast
Questions and Answers
In clinical virology, what is the significance of monitoring viral illnesses?
In clinical virology, what is the significance of monitoring viral illnesses?
- Limit spread or outbreak
- Informs patient treatment and prognosis (correct)
- Avoids further unnecessary testing
- Screening of donated blood (HIV, HepB, HepC)
Why are virus diagnostics needed for routine public health measures?
Why are virus diagnostics needed for routine public health measures?
- Limit spread or outbreak
- Are treatment strategies working (viral load testing)
- Activate contact tracing (correct)
- Informs patient treatment and prognosis
What is the purpose of surveillance in clinical virology?
What is the purpose of surveillance in clinical virology?
- Learning about the infectious cycle of virus replication mechanisms
- To monitor the significance and prevalence of viruses in a community (correct)
- Avoids unnecessary drug use (antibiotics)
- Put mechanisms in place to contain and eradicate HEP B, C, E
What does the term 'sensitivity' refer to in clinical virology?
What does the term 'sensitivity' refer to in clinical virology?
How do virus diagnostics contribute to appropriate patient management in clinical virology?
How do virus diagnostics contribute to appropriate patient management in clinical virology?
What is the main method of clinical virology for identifying new viruses?
What is the main method of clinical virology for identifying new viruses?
What is the primary reason for using a plaque assay in virology?
What is the primary reason for using a plaque assay in virology?
Which type of microscopy provides high enough resolution to visualize viruses?
Which type of microscopy provides high enough resolution to visualize viruses?
What is the main consequence of rabies infection if left untreated?
What is the main consequence of rabies infection if left untreated?
What is the incubation period for rabies?
What is the incubation period for rabies?
What is the primary recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing rabies?
What is the primary recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing rabies?
What proportion of GPs in Europe are involved with sentinel surveillance of Influenza-like illness (ILI)?
What proportion of GPs in Europe are involved with sentinel surveillance of Influenza-like illness (ILI)?
What is recommended by UK Health Safety Agency (UKHSA) regarding reporting of respiratory viruses?
What is recommended by UK Health Safety Agency (UKHSA) regarding reporting of respiratory viruses?
What percentage of all human viruses known today were unknown at the end of World War II?
What percentage of all human viruses known today were unknown at the end of World War II?
Which method is impractical for large scale testing due to low sensitivity?
Which method is impractical for large scale testing due to low sensitivity?
What can a positive PCR result indicate?
What can a positive PCR result indicate?
What is the significance of a lower cycle threshold value in qPCR?
What is the significance of a lower cycle threshold value in qPCR?
Which technique has replaced ELISA in many instances for virus detection?
Which technique has replaced ELISA in many instances for virus detection?
Which method is known for its use in rapid, point-of-care testing for viruses?
Which method is known for its use in rapid, point-of-care testing for viruses?
What is the main advantage of lateral flow tests for virus detection?
What is the main advantage of lateral flow tests for virus detection?
What do accurate and precise diagnostic tests refer to?
What do accurate and precise diagnostic tests refer to?
Which method relies on the binding of sialic acid receptors on RBCs to influenza HA protein for virus detection?
Which method relies on the binding of sialic acid receptors on RBCs to influenza HA protein for virus detection?
What is the main drawback of serology as a diagnostic technique?
What is the main drawback of serology as a diagnostic technique?
Which method allows for detection and differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses?
Which method allows for detection and differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses?
What was discovered in organisms living in hot springs that revolutionized PCR technology?
What was discovered in organisms living in hot springs that revolutionized PCR technology?
Appropriate management of patients is the primary reason for virus diagnostics in clinical virology.
Appropriate management of patients is the primary reason for virus diagnostics in clinical virology.
Routine public health measures include screening of donated blood for HIV, HepB, and HepC.
Routine public health measures include screening of donated blood for HIV, HepB, and HepC.
Virus diagnostics are used to monitor the significance and prevalence of viruses in a community.
Virus diagnostics are used to monitor the significance and prevalence of viruses in a community.
The main purpose of surveillance in clinical virology is to inform patient treatment and prognosis.
The main purpose of surveillance in clinical virology is to inform patient treatment and prognosis.
Zoonotic viruses are not included in the surveillance conducted using virus diagnostics.
Zoonotic viruses are not included in the surveillance conducted using virus diagnostics.
Virus diagnostics do not contribute to appropriate management of patients in clinical virology.
Virus diagnostics do not contribute to appropriate management of patients in clinical virology.
Direct microscopy provides better resolution than fluorescent microscopy.
Direct microscopy provides better resolution than fluorescent microscopy.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends fluorescent microscopy for diagnosing rabies.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends fluorescent microscopy for diagnosing rabies.
Isolation of virus means viruses need cells from other organisms to infect and replicate.
Isolation of virus means viruses need cells from other organisms to infect and replicate.
Metagenomic sequencing is used when the target virus is known.
Metagenomic sequencing is used when the target virus is known.
Rabies lyssavirus has a very limited host range.
Rabies lyssavirus has a very limited host range.
The incubation period for rabies is 2 weeks to 3 months.
The incubation period for rabies is 2 weeks to 3 months.
Postmortem diagnosis is not possible in patients infected via organ transplant.
Postmortem diagnosis is not possible in patients infected via organ transplant.
Direct immunofluorescence is used to detect viral antigen in fox brain.
Direct immunofluorescence is used to detect viral antigen in fox brain.
The primary purpose of surveillance in clinical virology is monitoring unusual patterns and circulating sub-types of viruses.
The primary purpose of surveillance in clinical virology is monitoring unusual patterns and circulating sub-types of viruses.
Over 90% of all human viruses known today were already known at the end of World War II.
Over 90% of all human viruses known today were already known at the end of World War II.
Plaque Assay is a rapid technique suitable for all viruses.
Plaque Assay is a rapid technique suitable for all viruses.
The type of sample for clinical virology largely depends on the age and gender of the patient.
The type of sample for clinical virology largely depends on the age and gender of the patient.
The scanning transmission electron microscope has a resolution of 50 pm, which is significantly higher than most light microscopes.
The scanning transmission electron microscope has a resolution of 50 pm, which is significantly higher than most light microscopes.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a method that is impractical for large scale testing due to its low sensitivity.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a method that is impractical for large scale testing due to its low sensitivity.
Serology, the study of serum and other body fluids, has completely replaced PCR in many instances for virus detection.
Serology, the study of serum and other body fluids, has completely replaced PCR in many instances for virus detection.
The fluorescent signal for each fluorophore in multiplex qPCR is not measured in the detection of different viral nucleic acids.
The fluorescent signal for each fluorophore in multiplex qPCR is not measured in the detection of different viral nucleic acids.
Cycle Threshold (Ct) refers to the number of cycles of PCR needed until the sample is undetectable.
Cycle Threshold (Ct) refers to the number of cycles of PCR needed until the sample is undetectable.
Lateral flow tests are more sensitive than ELISA for virus detection.
Lateral flow tests are more sensitive than ELISA for virus detection.
Haemagglutination assay involves the binding of sialic acid receptors on RBCs to the HA protein on the surface of influenza for virus detection.
Haemagglutination assay involves the binding of sialic acid receptors on RBCs to the HA protein on the surface of influenza for virus detection.
A good diagnostic test needs to be accurate, but precision is not necessary.
A good diagnostic test needs to be accurate, but precision is not necessary.
Immunochromatography lateral flow tests can incorporate a positive and negative control.
Immunochromatography lateral flow tests can incorporate a positive and negative control.
Agglutination is a serology method used for detection of viral antigens by causing antigens to clump together.
Agglutination is a serology method used for detection of viral antigens by causing antigens to clump together.
Study Notes
- Dr. Carlos Maluquer de Motes is a Reader in Molecular Virology, teaches Clinical Virology & Diagnostics in BMS2037.
- Importance of clinical virology: aids in patient management, public health measures, and surveillance.
- Clinical virology identifies new viruses and virus-disease associations, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19.
- Clinical virology relies on good sampling, often determined by symptoms and organ systems involved.
- Methods include: isolation of virus, cultivation, direct and indirect detection, serology, and microscopy.
- Isolation of viruses: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, require cells from other organisms to infect and replicate.
- Viruses can be titrated using plaque assay, a key technique in virology.
- Microscopy methods include light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy, each with unique advantages.
- Diagnostic tools for specific viruses, like rabies, involve microscopy, PCR assay, and Negri bodies.
- Electron microscopy is highly resolution and used for examining the structure of virions.
- PCR is a quick and sensitive method for detecting viral nucleic acids; qPCR can be quantitative and multiplexed.
- Cycle Threshold (Ct) is a measure of viral nucleic acid presence in a sample.
- Controversy around COVID-19 PCR testing: the CDC encourages adoption of multiplexed methods for detection and differentiation.
- Clinical virology employs various techniques like ELISA, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation.
- Serology methods detect viral antigens in a patient's serum using tests like ELISA.
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Prepare for BMS2037: Clinical Virology & Diagnostics with this quiz covering virology lectures, virus structure and classification, clinical virology and diagnostics, infectious cycle of virus replication mechanisms, and more.
