Blood Type Immunology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which immunoglobulin molecules are predominantly found among most blood types?

IgA and IgM

IgG only

IgD and IgE

IgM and IgG (correct)

What type of agglutinogen is present in individuals with Type O blood?

Type A only

Type B only

Both Type A and Type B

Neither Type A nor Type B (correct)

At what temperature do Rh agglutinins typically react?

37°C (correct)

100°C

Room temperature

0°C

Which blood type exhibits both Type A and Type B agglutinogens?

AB Signup and view all the answers

Which agglutinin type is reactive at room temperature?

ABO Aggutinins Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the blood type that lacks both Type A and Type B agglutinogens?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

What agglutinin is present in individuals with Type B blood?

Anti-A Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible genotypic combination for Type A blood?

AA or AO Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of forward grouping in blood typing procedures?

To identify the specific blood type by testing for A and B antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is described as the liquid portion after removing cells and platelets?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

In reverse grouping, what is tested to identify blood type?

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies using known red cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT used in the forward grouping blood typing?

Known A red cells Signup and view all the answers

What general material constitutes blood from which plasma is derived?

A mixture of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What color represents the anti-A sera used in blood typing procedures?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are used to test for anti-A and anti-B antibodies in reverse grouping?

Both known A and known B red cells Signup and view all the answers

What do the antigens A and B on red blood cells determine in blood typing?

The blood type of an individual Signup and view all the answers

What blood type results in agglutination only with anti-B?

Type B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about agglutinins is accurate?

Agglutinins are present in the plasma when corresponding agglutinogens are absent. Signup and view all the answers

What does Landsteiner’s Law state regarding agglutination results?

Presence of agglutinins means absence of corresponding agglutinogens on red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of American blacks are Rh positive?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood transfusion not ideal for newborns?

Newborns have not fully developed antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?

Rh Blood Group System Signup and view all the answers

What does lack of agglutination in both anti-A and anti-B indicate?

Presence of Type O blood Signup and view all the answers

How do transfusion reactions differ between the O-A-B and Rh systems?

Rh requires massive exposure to Rh antigens for reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which component determines the blood type in the agglutination test?

Antigen patterns on red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

In reverse serum grouping, what is primarily being tested?

Presence of antibodies in serum Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an Rh-negative person is transfused with Rh-positive blood for the first time?

No immediate reaction is likely. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if agglutination occurs with both anti-A and anti-B?

Blood is Type AB Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of Rh negative individuals among white people?

15% Signup and view all the answers

When might anti-Rh antibodies develop in a previously Rh-negative person after a transfusion?

Within 2 to 4 weeks after transfusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between the Rh system and the O-A-B system regarding transfusion?

Transfusion reactions in the O-A-B system develop instantly. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of African blacks are Rh positive?

100% Signup and view all the answers

What role do glucocorticoid hormones play in immune suppression?

They inhibit the expression of specific genes coding for cytokines. Signup and view all the answers

How many different combinations of HLA antigens are possible in the human population?

More than a trillion possible combinations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antigens plays a significant role in graft rejection?

HLA antigens specific to each individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the immune system?

Stimulating proliferation and increasing antibody production. Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to tissue and organ transplantation, what is a key function of T cells?

They directly kill grafted cells. Signup and view all the answers

If a group A individual mated with a group B individual, what ABO phenotypes could their offspring have?

Types O, A, B, and AB. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the significance of immune suppression?

Suppressing T cells is key to preventing graft rejection. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial consideration when administering therapies that suppress the immune system?

Days or weeks without therapy can lead to severe immune reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ABO Blood Types

A blood type has A agglutinogens with anti-B antibodies, mostly IgM and some IgG.
B blood type features B agglutinogens and anti-A antibodies, predominantly IgM and IgG.
AB blood type contains both A and B agglutinogens with no antibodies.
O blood type lacks A and B agglutinogens, characterized by anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
ABO agglutinins are primarily IgM, active at room temperature.
Rh agglutinins are mainly IgG, reactive at 37°C and can cross the placenta.

Blood Typing Procedures

Forward grouping identifies blood type by testing RBCs for A and B antigens using anti-A and anti-B sera.
Reverse grouping tests serum for anti-A and anti-B antibodies using known A and B red cells.
Forward typing is more reliable than reverse typing, especially in newborns whose antibodies are still developing.

Landsteiner’s Law

States that if agglutination occurs on RBC membranes, the corresponding agglutin must be absent in the plasma.
Conversely, if an agglutinogen is absent on RBC membranes, the corresponding agglutinin must be present in plasma.

Rh Blood Types

Approximately 85% of whites are Rh positive; 15% are Rh negative.
In American blacks, about 95% are Rh positive; virtually all African blacks are Rh positive.
Rh system transfusion reactions require previous exposure to Rh antigens for sensitization to occur.

Hemolytic Disease of Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

Primarily linked to Rh incompatibility, causing significant health risks for newborns.

Therapeutic Agents and Immune Suppression

Agents like glucocorticoid hormones inhibit cytokine gene expression, impacting T-cell proliferation and antibody formation.
T cells play a critical role in rejecting grafted tissues, making their suppression essential in transplantation.

Possible ABO Phenotypes from Mating

From a group A and group B mating, possible offspring phenotypes include O, A, B, and AB.

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Description

Test your knowledge on blood types, blood group antigens, and the immunoglobulin molecules involved in ABO blood group systems. This quiz covers the characteristics and reactions of different blood types including A, B, AB, and O. Understand the importance of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in blood transfusions.