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Questions and Answers
What determines the ABO blood type of an individual?
What is the term for the condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed equally?
How many alleles are present for the gene that determines the ABO blood type?
What is the function of immunoglobulin IgE?
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What is the term for the proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens?
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What is the blood type of an individual who has inherited the IA and i alleles?
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Why is it important to match the blood type of the donor and recipient in blood transfusions?
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What is the term for the protein produced by B cells that recognizes and binds to specific antigens?
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What is the main function of the blood concerning transporting?
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What is the term for the condition where the body does not produce enough red blood cells?
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What is the primary function of the blood concerning regulation?
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What is responsible for dictating blood types?
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What is the primary function of the blood concerning defense?
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What is the term for the protein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to the presence of antigens?
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What is the term for the substances that can trigger an immune response?
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What is the study of the inheritance of blood types?
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What is the primary purpose of determining an individual's ABO blood group?
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What is the term for the clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed?
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What is the role of antigens on the surface of red blood cells?
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What is the function of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the immune response?
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What is the term for the glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells)?
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How many main blood groups are traditionally recognized?
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What determines an individual's Rh blood type?
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What is the term for the substances that can stimulate an immune response and lead to the production of antibodies?
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Study Notes
Blood Types and Immunoglobulins
- There are five types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which differ in function and antigen responses due to structural variability.
Blood Genotype and Phenotype
- Blood type is a codominant trait, where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in heterozygous individuals.
- Three alleles (IA, IB, and i) determine blood type, with IA and IB producing different markers and i being nonfunctional.
- Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, or O.
ABO Blood Types
- ABO blood typing is based on the presence or absence of two possible antigens: type A and type B.
- The presence or absence of these antigens depends on the individual's inheritance.
Blood Type Details
- Type A blood has type A antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
- Type B blood has type B antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
- Type AB blood has both type A and type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
- Type O blood has neither type A nor type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
Compatible Blood Transfusion
- Blood type influences blood transfusions, and agglutination (clumping of red blood cells) occurs when transfusions are done without blood typing.
Determinants of Blood Types
- Plasma membranes of red blood cells carry glycoproteins that can be antigens to other individuals.
- Antigens on the surface of blood cells determine compatibility in blood transfusions.
- There are about 30 known antigens on blood cells, each of which constitutes a blood group or blood type.
Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells).
- They recognize and bind to particular antigens, aiding in the destruction of material, molecules, and organisms seen as foreign to the body.
- Immunoglobulins are categorized into two main forms: soluble antibodies and isotypes.
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Description
Learn about the different types of immunoglobulins, blood genotypes, and phenotypes. Understand how alleles determine blood type and the functions of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
