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Questions and Answers
What determines the ABO blood type of an individual?
What determines the ABO blood type of an individual?
What is the term for the condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed equally?
What is the term for the condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed equally?
How many alleles are present for the gene that determines the ABO blood type?
How many alleles are present for the gene that determines the ABO blood type?
What is the function of immunoglobulin IgE?
What is the function of immunoglobulin IgE?
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What is the term for the proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens?
What is the term for the proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens?
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What is the blood type of an individual who has inherited the IA and i alleles?
What is the blood type of an individual who has inherited the IA and i alleles?
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Why is it important to match the blood type of the donor and recipient in blood transfusions?
Why is it important to match the blood type of the donor and recipient in blood transfusions?
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What is the term for the protein produced by B cells that recognizes and binds to specific antigens?
What is the term for the protein produced by B cells that recognizes and binds to specific antigens?
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What is the main function of the blood concerning transporting?
What is the main function of the blood concerning transporting?
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What is the term for the condition where the body does not produce enough red blood cells?
What is the term for the condition where the body does not produce enough red blood cells?
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What is the primary function of the blood concerning regulation?
What is the primary function of the blood concerning regulation?
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What is responsible for dictating blood types?
What is responsible for dictating blood types?
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What is the primary function of the blood concerning defense?
What is the primary function of the blood concerning defense?
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What is the term for the protein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to the presence of antigens?
What is the term for the protein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to the presence of antigens?
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What is the term for the substances that can trigger an immune response?
What is the term for the substances that can trigger an immune response?
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What is the study of the inheritance of blood types?
What is the study of the inheritance of blood types?
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What is the primary purpose of determining an individual's ABO blood group?
What is the primary purpose of determining an individual's ABO blood group?
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What is the term for the clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed?
What is the term for the clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed?
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What is the role of antigens on the surface of red blood cells?
What is the role of antigens on the surface of red blood cells?
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What is the function of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the immune response?
What is the function of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the immune response?
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What is the term for the glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells)?
What is the term for the glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells)?
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How many main blood groups are traditionally recognized?
How many main blood groups are traditionally recognized?
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What determines an individual's Rh blood type?
What determines an individual's Rh blood type?
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What is the term for the substances that can stimulate an immune response and lead to the production of antibodies?
What is the term for the substances that can stimulate an immune response and lead to the production of antibodies?
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Study Notes
Blood Types and Immunoglobulins
- There are five types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which differ in function and antigen responses due to structural variability.
Blood Genotype and Phenotype
- Blood type is a codominant trait, where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in heterozygous individuals.
- Three alleles (IA, IB, and i) determine blood type, with IA and IB producing different markers and i being nonfunctional.
- Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, or O.
ABO Blood Types
- ABO blood typing is based on the presence or absence of two possible antigens: type A and type B.
- The presence or absence of these antigens depends on the individual's inheritance.
Blood Type Details
- Type A blood has type A antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
- Type B blood has type B antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
- Type AB blood has both type A and type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
- Type O blood has neither type A nor type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
Compatible Blood Transfusion
- Blood type influences blood transfusions, and agglutination (clumping of red blood cells) occurs when transfusions are done without blood typing.
Determinants of Blood Types
- Plasma membranes of red blood cells carry glycoproteins that can be antigens to other individuals.
- Antigens on the surface of blood cells determine compatibility in blood transfusions.
- There are about 30 known antigens on blood cells, each of which constitutes a blood group or blood type.
Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells).
- They recognize and bind to particular antigens, aiding in the destruction of material, molecules, and organisms seen as foreign to the body.
- Immunoglobulins are categorized into two main forms: soluble antibodies and isotypes.
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Description
Learn about the different types of immunoglobulins, blood genotypes, and phenotypes. Understand how alleles determine blood type and the functions of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
