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Questions and Answers
What is the primary use of purple/lavender-top blood collection tubes?
What is the primary use of purple/lavender-top blood collection tubes?
Serum contains clotting factors such as fibrinogen.
Serum contains clotting factors such as fibrinogen.
False
What percentage of blood proteins is comprised of albumin?
What percentage of blood proteins is comprised of albumin?
50%
The main transporter proteins in blood are called __________.
The main transporter proteins in blood are called __________.
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Match the blood protein with its function:
Match the blood protein with its function:
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Which blood collection tube contains heparin?
Which blood collection tube contains heparin?
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What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?
What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?
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Fibrinogen is produced by the kidneys.
Fibrinogen is produced by the kidneys.
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Hyperalbuminemia is usually a result of liver disease.
Hyperalbuminemia is usually a result of liver disease.
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What is the normal range for fibrinogen levels in human blood?
What is the normal range for fibrinogen levels in human blood?
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What type of blood collection tube is used for glucose testing?
What type of blood collection tube is used for glucose testing?
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Hyperproteinemia indicates ____, while hypoproteinemia indicates _____.
Hyperproteinemia indicates ____, while hypoproteinemia indicates _____.
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Which of the following could cause hypoproteinemia?
Which of the following could cause hypoproteinemia?
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Match the enzyme to its activity purpose:
Match the enzyme to its activity purpose:
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Plasma is the ideal sample for enzyme activity determinations.
Plasma is the ideal sample for enzyme activity determinations.
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What is diagnostic enzymology?
What is diagnostic enzymology?
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Which serum enzyme is primarily associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
Which serum enzyme is primarily associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
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Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a dimeric enzyme.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a dimeric enzyme.
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What does the acronym AST stand for in enzymatic diagnostics?
What does the acronym AST stand for in enzymatic diagnostics?
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The enzyme that acts as an energy reserve during muscle contraction is ________.
The enzyme that acts as an energy reserve during muscle contraction is ________.
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Match the following types of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) with their primary tissues:
Match the following types of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) with their primary tissues:
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Which enzyme is primarily released during liver diseases?
Which enzyme is primarily released during liver diseases?
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What are the subunits of Creatine Kinase (CK) that are associated with skeletal muscle?
What are the subunits of Creatine Kinase (CK) that are associated with skeletal muscle?
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Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is primarily related to muscle diseases.
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is primarily related to muscle diseases.
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Which enzyme is specific for hepatocellular damage?
Which enzyme is specific for hepatocellular damage?
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Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels increase primarily in liver diseases.
Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels increase primarily in liver diseases.
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What is the primary role of alkaline phosphatase (AP)?
What is the primary role of alkaline phosphatase (AP)?
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In the third trimester of pregnancy, __________ AP levels are elevated.
In the third trimester of pregnancy, __________ AP levels are elevated.
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Match the following conditions with their associated enzymes:
Match the following conditions with their associated enzymes:
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Which enzyme increases after one day and remains elevated for several days in cases of acute myocardial infarction?
Which enzyme increases after one day and remains elevated for several days in cases of acute myocardial infarction?
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Serum cholinesterase is used to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds.
Serum cholinesterase is used to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds.
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Which enzyme is indicated for glucose homeostasis?
Which enzyme is indicated for glucose homeostasis?
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Study Notes
Blood Proteins and Their Clinical Importance
-
Learning Objectives:
- List blood proteins.
- Explain the difference between plasma and serum.
- Describe blood collection tube properties.
- Relate blood protein levels to clinical tables.
-
Elements of Blood:
- Plasma (about 55%): Water, proteins, electrolytes.
- Platelets (0.01%): Fragments of cells.
- Red blood cells (about 41%): Carry oxygen.
- White blood cells (about 4%): Lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils.
Plasma Proteins
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Plasma Proteins:
- Albumin: Transport protein produced by the liver.
- Globulins: Antibodies, transport proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma).
- Fibrinogen: Involved in blood clotting.
- Others: Clotting factors, hormones, enzymes.
Blood Collection Tubes
- Red-top tubes: No additives, used for serum collection in chemistry tests.
- Purple/Lavender-top tubes: Contain EDTA, used for complete blood counts (CBC) and blood typing.
- Green-top tubes: Contain heparin, used for plasma collection in chemistry and genetic studies.
- Blue-top tubes: Contain sodium citrate, used for coagulation studies (PT, aPTT).
- Yellow-top tubes: Contain clot activator and gel separator, used for serum tests and biochemistry.
- Gray-top tubes: Contain fluoride/oxalate, used for glucose and lactate testing.
Blood Collection Tubes: Main Types (Summary)
| Color | Additive | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| Red (plain) | None | Chemistry panels (after serum separation) |
| Red (speckled) | Clot activator (silica particles) | Chemistry panels (after serum separation) |
| Gold | Clot activator (silica particles) and gel separator | Chemistry panels (after serum separation) |
| Light blue | Sodium citrate 3.2% | Coagulation studies (PT, PTT, INR) |
| Green (dark) | Heparin | Chemistry panels |
| Green (light) | Lithium heparin | Chemistry panels (especially "stat" tests), Blood gas analysis |
| Lavender | EDTA | CBC, Blood bank testing |
| Pink | EDTA | CBC, Blood bank testing |
| Gray | Fluoride & oxalate/gel | Glucose testing |
| Royal blue | Potassium EDTA | Trace element and heavy metal testing |
Plasma and Serum
- Plasma: Anticoagulated blood obtained from centrifuging anticoagulated blood. Contains clotting factors, commonly used for coagulation studies and blood transfusions.
- Serum: Obtained after the blood clots and then is centrifuged. Lacks clotting factors. Used for diagnostic tests.
Clinical Biomarkers
- Hyperproteinemia: More protein in the blood. Caused by dehydration, polyuria, inadequate fluid intake, diabetes, inflammation..
- Hypoproteinemia: Less protein in the blood. Caused by water intoxication, heart failure, excessive protein loss, protein synthesis problems.
- Enzymes: Tissue specific; their presence in blood indicated potential tissue damage. Used in diagnostic enzymology.
Important Serum Enzymes
- Transaminases (AST, ALT)
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Creatine kinase (CK)
- Phosphatases (ALP, ACP)
- Amylase
- Lipase
- Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)
- Aldolase
- Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)
- Pseudocholinesterase (ChE)
- Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
- CK isotypes (CK-1, CK-2, CK-3)
- LDH isotypes (LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH4, LDH5)
Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
- Phenylketonuria
- Phenylalanine hydroxylase
- Galactosemia
- Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
- Glucose homeostasis
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
Diagnosis of Poisoning
- Serum cholinesterase: Poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds.
Other Relevant Information (from the presentations)
- Alkaline phosphatase (AP): Found in liver, bones, placenta, intestine. Increases after fatty meals. High in children and teenagers.
- Liver Damage and Enzymes: Charts showing enzyme elevations with liver damage.
- Acute MI and Enzymes: Charts showing enzyme elevations during an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).
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Description
Explore the essential blood proteins and their clinical importance in this informative quiz. Discover the differences between plasma and serum, and learn about the specific roles of various blood proteins. Understand the properties of blood collection tubes and their uses in clinical settings.
